middle of the 19th century argued still in favour of this opinion, little suspected that they were endeavouring to establish a dogma of the Aristotelian philosophy. It is a similar case to that of the crown of the root mentioned above. But other plants, continues Cesalpino, produce true seeds; and he proceeds to treat of this division first, on account of its great extent as comprising all perfect plants. Three things, he says, contribute especially to the constitution of organs, the number, position, and shape of the parts; the play of nature in the composition of fruits varies according to their differences, and hence arise the different divisions of plants. He then shows how he proposes to apply these relations to the framing of his system, but his various points of view may be omitted here, as they can be better and more shortly gathered from the table below.
Other marks to be derived from roots, stems, and leaves, may be used, he says, for forming the smaller divisions. Lastly, some marks which contribute to the constitution neither of the whole plant nor of the fruit, such as colour, smell, taste, are mere accidents and are due to cultivation, place of growth, climate, and other causes.
The first of Cesalpino's sixteen books ends with this general view of his system. The remaining fifteen books contain about 600 pages of descriptions of individual plants arranged in fifteen classes; some of the descriptions are exceedingly minute; the trees come first, and are followed by the shrubs on account of their affinity ('ob affinitatem'). Two things have interfered with the recognition and acceptance of this system; the omission of a general view to precede the text, and its appearance in the traditional form of books and chapters, such as we find in de l'Ecluse, Dodoens, and Bauhin, instead of in classes and orders, though it is true that the headings and introductions to the several books contain the designations and general characteristics of the classes described in them. Linnaeus has done good service by giving in his 'Classes Plantarum' a general view of all the systems proposed before his time,
