ICM^ GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE inferior with the superior languages. The Sunda, Madura, and Bali, abound not only with words of pure Javanese beyond any other languages of the Archipelago, but they have adopted the most ex- trinsic, artificial, and superfluous portion of the Ja- vanese ; the dialect of deference and respect, al- most, word for word, as it exists in that language. The influence of the Javanese upon the Malay has been less considerable, but great. Of the portion which is common to the Malay and Javanese, it would be no easy or possible matter to define which was received into the Malay from the great Polyne- sian language, and which through the more modern vernacular language. The more radical and neces- sary may generally be considered as having come from the great East-Insular tongue ; the more in- cidental and extrinsic from the vernacular language of Java. Sometimes words received from the lat- ter source refer to some peculiar or local usage of modern Java, when they may be easily identified ; at other times, the words are no better than the af- fectations of the learned, and may even be recog- nized by a foreign pronunciation. An additional influence on the part of the Javanese on the Malay, seems to have been exerted on the dialects of some of the Mal^an states, after their emigration from the parent state on Sumatra. In the Patani dialect of Malay, I find, for example, many words of Java- nese in familiar use, but which are unknown to any
