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CHAPTER IX.
shoeing in england after the norman conquest. eustathius. revival of veterinary science. jordanus ruffus. petrus de crescentius. laurentius rusius. shod oxen. shoeing forges. counting the horse-shoes and hob-nails. liber quotidianus. the dextrarias and hobby. hawking. stratagem of reversing shoes. robert bruce and duke christopher of wurtemberg. value of shoes and nails for horses in england in the 13th and 14th centuries. coal. the revolt of the duke of lancaster. tutbury castle and the river dove. curious discovery of treasure and horse-shoes. froissart. wars of kings edward ii. and iii. gloucester corporation seal. status of the farrier. different breeds of horses. grooved imported shoes. the days of chivalry. family coats of arms. lombardy and flemish horses. the chatelaine of warrenne. hamericourt. farriery in scotland. an unjust law. statutes of edward vi. henry viii, and shoeing with felt. curious customs and extravagance. gold and silver shoes. farriers. cæsar fiaschi. diversity of shoes. german writers. carlo ruini.
After the Norman invasion of England, the shoeing of horses, and indeed everything relating to that noble animal, received much attention. Instead of being an obscure art, and apparently but rarely resorted to among the Anglo-Saxons, the Norman knights brought with them from the continent their maréchals of high rank, and their esteem for chivalry, which, without horses, could scarcely have existed. The advantages arising from the
