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ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY
86. Emilia (Cass. D.C. 6-301, R.W. Icon. 1123). Cap- itula homogamous, discoid; florets 5-lobed. Branches of the style ending in a cone. Achaenia oblong, pentago- nal, angles ciliate, hispid. Pappus several series, filiform, scarcely barbellate. — Herbs, with few sub-corymbose, pedicelled capitula. Involucre cylindrical, 1 series, ecalyculate. Flowers reddish, purple, or orange colour- ed. Widely diffused, common all over the Peninsula.
87. Ligularia (Cass. D. C. 6-313). Capitula radiate ; ray I series, ligulate, female, often bi-ligulate, or retain- ing rudiments of the stamens. Branches of the styles of the disk obtuse, clothed with long, descending pubes- cence. Achaenia beakless, sulcated, terete. Pappus uniform, pilose, many series. — Herbaceous plants. Cap- itula large, yellow, arranged in racemes or thyrses, or solitary: involucre campanulate, 1 series. Receptacle naked. Himalayas.
88. Doronicum (Lin. D. C. 6-320, R. W. Icon. 1124 to 29-1151). Capitula radiate, heterogamous ; ray florets 1 series, ligulate, female, or sterile by abortion; disk hermaphrodite. Achaenia beakless, oblong, turbinate, furrowed ; of the ray bald, of the disk pappose. Pap- pus setaceous, several series. — Herbaceous plants, with solitary or several capitula. Involucre few series, scales linear. Receptacle convex, ebracteolate. [Almost the only distinction between this genus and Senecio consists in the marginal florets ; in this having no pappus, in that being furnished with pappus similar to those of the disk.] Alpine plants, Himalayas, Khassia Mountains, Neilgherries, Ceylon, &c.
89. Madacarpus (R. W. Calcutta Journal, Icones 1152). Capitula radiate heterogamous; ray florets 1 series, ligulate, sterile ; disk ones numerous, hermaphro- dite. Achaenia beakless, oblong, furrowed, hairy, with- out pappus. — Herbaceous plants. Capitula corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1 series, scales linear, lanceo- late, mucronate. Receptacle convex, foveolate. Cor- olla sub-infundibuliform. Costae of the achaenia hispid. Neilgherries.
90. Senecio (Less. D. C. Prod. 6-341, R. W. Icon. 1130 to 36). Capitula homogamous, discoid, or hetero- gamous, radiate; florets of the ray ligulate, female. Branches of the style of the hermaphrodite florets trun- cated, the point only penicillate. Achaenia beakless, terete or angularly furrowed. Pappus pilose, several series, caducous. — Herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes climbing plants, with solitary or corymbose inflo- rescence. Involucre one series, sometimes naked sometimes calyculate with accessory squamellae, often with the points of the scales sphacellate. Receptacle naked, alveolate. [D. C.'s list of species of this genus exceeds 600. It is therefore by much the largest genus of the vegetable kingdom.] — Every where, but in India nearly confined to alpine tracts.
91. Notonia (D. C. 6-44, R. W. Icon. 434). Capi- tula discoid, homogamous ; florets 5-toothed. Branches of the style ending in a short, hispid cone. Achaenia terete, many, striated, glabrous. Pappus many series, setae filiform, barbellate. — Shrubby, succulent plants with corymbose, few-headed inflorescence. Capitula, as compared with the above genera, large. Involucre cylindrical, 1 series, ecalyculate, the peduncle furnished with a few bracteaceous scales. Receptacle alveolate,
naked or slightly fimbriliferous. Flowers longer than the involucre, pale yellow or cream coloured. Found all over the Peninsula, from the level of the sea to Dodabella on the Neilgherries.
92. Madaractis (D. C. 6-439). I exclude this genus as being identical with Doronicum, and all its species previously described under that name. M. pinatifda is D. Candolianum — M. scahra, is D. Lessingianum — M. polycephala, D. Arnottii — M. glabra, D. Wighlii. The distinctive characters of the two genera are, that in Doronicum the ray florets are female, in Madaractis neuter. In the character above given, I have combined them thus: "ray florets 1 series, female, or sterile by abortion."
Tribe V. Cynare^:.
Sub-tribe. Echinopside2e. Capitula sessile, one-flow- ered, aggregated into a globose glomerulus, with numer- ous involucral foliola, articulated on a globose, common receptacle.
93. Echinops (Lin. D. C 6-522). Capitula numer- ous, aggregated on a naked, globose, receptacle, the centre one opening first Corolla tubular, 5-cleft Anthers ecaudate. Achaenia cylindrical, silky, villous. Pappus short, crown-like, the hairs somewhat fimbri- cated. — Erect, prickly plants. Glomerulus sphaerical. Capitula inserted on a circular, horny, areola. Partial involucre 3 series. The interior scales the longest, linear, acuminated, carinate. Flowers blue or white. Widely diffused, extending from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and Ceylon.
Sub-tribe. Carline.e. Capitula many-flowered, never dioicous. Scales of the involucre many series, distinct, often spinous. Hermaphrodite corolla, 5-cleft, female or sterile, deformed. Filaments free, naked. Anthers usual- ly furnished with a long, bearded, cauda. Achania usual- ly villous. Pappus 1-2 series, pilose, or plumose, rarely ramose.
94. Sadssurea, (D. C. 6-531). Capitula homoga- mous. Corolla slender, throat ventricose. Anthers end- ing in long appendices with 2 ciliate bristles at the base. Stigmata long, diverging, continuous with the style. Achaenia glabrous. Pappus usually double, paleae of the exterior sub-filiform, rough, sometimes wanting, interior long, plumose, concreted at the base into a deciduous ring. Herbs with entire leaves. Cap- itula usually corymbose. Involucre many series. Re- ceptacle fimbrillate or paleaceous, palea persistent. Corolla purple or white, never yellow. Himalayas.
95. Aplotaxis (D. C. 6-538). Similar to Saussurear except that the pappus is one series, plumose. [Surely this is an unnecessary refinement, especially as it is said of the exterior series of Saussureae, "raro exter. deficientt nullus" and Captain Munro, from whom I have a speci- men collected by himself, informs me, that Ap. gossipina "is an undoubted Saussurea." Himalayas, Bengal.
96. Dolomi^a (D. C. 6-542). Capitula homogamous. Corolla slender, dilated at the base. Anthers appendi- culate and caudate at the base ; caudae intorted, ciliate. Style thickened at the apex, ovarium glabrous, some- what 4-sided. Pappus long, violaceous, bristles rough.
