of May, 1794. His father, a Dutch banker who had settled in Paris, was patronized by Dumouriez, fought at Valmy and Jemappes, reached the grade of colonel in the French army, and was guillotined at the close of 1793. Madame De Kock narrowly escaped a similar fate, and the novelist was a posthumous child. As a boy he was observing and studious till he read the novels of Pigault-le-Brun, whose successor in French fiction he became. At fifteen he was placed in a banking house, which he had to leave when he perpetrated the crime of writing a novel, his first one, and published at his own expense. For his second novel he could not find a publisher, and he betook himself to dramatic composition, in which, as in fiction, he has been very prolific. His earliest theatrical pieces were melodramas and historical spectacles; he gained a name, and the publishers accepted his novels. They were of the school of Pigault-le-Brun; but with the broad, lively, realistic treatment of his master, Paul de Kock united an occasional pathos, delicacy, and even ethical seventy of aim to which Pigault-le-Brun was a stranger. Resembling Smollett in his frequent coarseness and love of the ludicrous, Paul de Kock cannot be compared with the Scotch novelist in the creation of character. Paul de Kock's want the strong individuality of Smollett's best characters, and are for the most part types of classes, not living and breathing realities. In his innumerable fictions, however, the surface life of contemporary France, apart from the deeper and stronger characteristics of the national existence, is photographed with great clearness and vivacity; nor in the midst of much that is prurient, indelicate, and justly condemnable, will the charitable critic fail to note a keen appreciation of nature as contrasted with the artificial life of great cities, and an instinctive regard for the manly and honourable. If in his descriptions Paul de Kock is often immoral, the same epithet cannot be applied to his general tendencies as a writer; he has not, like some of his countrymen and contemporaries, invested wrong-doing with a sentimental halo; in his novels vice is punished and virtue rewarded in the good old wholesome manner. His style is easy and unaffected, but his compositions, rapidly thrown off, have been far too numerous for his permanent fame. An appeal in his behalf, when in spite of his literary industry he had fallen into distressed circumstances, was made many years ago to the English public by the late Count d'Orsay, and fairly responded to. "André le Savoyard," "Le Barbier de Paris," and "Frère Jacques," may be cited as good specimens of his powers. Since 1834 three voluminous editions of his collective writings have been published.—F. E.
KODDE, Vander, three brothers named John, Adrian, and Gilbert, inhabitants of Warmond, near Leyden, about 1619 founded a religious sect called Collegiants, which afterwards became very numerous. They were men of humble condition, but of eminent piety, and were greatly opposed to religious controversy. They admitted to their sect all who believed in the divine origin of the Bible; and at their meetings for worship held on Sundays and Wednesdays, any male member was allowed to state his views upon the passages of scripture fixed on for consideration. They had meetings at Rhynsburg, near Leyden, twice a year, at which edifying discourses were delivered, and baptism and the Lord's supper were administered.—D. W. R.
* KOECHLIN, Daniel, a distinguished cotton manufacturer and chemist, was born at Mulhouse (Mühlhausen), on the 6th of November, 1785. He studied chemistry under Fourcroy and Vauquelin, and has made some important researches relative to the chemical properties of substances used in dyeing and calico-printing, published in the Bulletin de la Société Industrielle de Mulhouse, from the commencement of that periodical to the present time. The family of which M. Köchlin is a member was first established at Mulhouse about the middle of the last century, and has done eminent service in promoting the prosperity of that well-known seat of industry.—W. J. M. R.
KOEHLER, Johann Bernard, a German classical and oriental scholar and critic, born at Lübeck in 1742, and died at Basle in a state of poverty in 1802. His works are in Latin, with the exception of a German version of Plato's Phædo.
KOEHLER, Johann David, a German historian and antiquarian, born near Leipsic in 1684. He was for some time secretary to Baron von Stralheim, the Swedish ambassador, but spent his life chiefly as a professor at Altdorf and Göttingen, where he died in 1735. His works are numerous and learned, and some of them interesting, curious, and valuable.—B. H. C.
* KOEKKOEK, Bernard Cornelius, a distinguished Flemish landscape-painter, was born at Middleburg, October 11, 1803. His father, Jan Hermann Kökkök—born, 1778; died, 1851—a marine painter of considerable ability, was his earliest teacher, but he also studied under Van Os. He has learned most, however, from nature and the works of the earlier painters of the Netherlands. Bernard Kökkök has painted a large number of landscapes—almost exlusively of the scenery of the Netherlands—which rank among the best of their kind and time. His pictures are executed with considerable breadth of manner, yet with patient regard to the minuter details of nature; at the same time they are poetical in feeling and well coloured. Kökkök is a chevalier of the legion of honour, a knight of the order of Leopold, and of that of the lion of the Netherlands. He has published "Erinnerungen und Mittheilungen eines Landschaftsmalers" (Recollections and Observations of a Landscape-painter), Amst., 1841. Three of the brothers of B. C. Kökkök are honourably known as painters.—Jan, a marine painter of great promise, but who unfortunately died very young—born, 1811; died, 1831.—Marinus-Adrian and Hermann, landscape and animal painters, are both living.—J. T—e.
KOELCSEY, Ferencz, a Hungarian writer distinguished as one of the earnest band of talented men who, after 1790, rather created than restored their national literature. It was in 1790 that the Emperor Joseph II. died, and was succeeded by Leopold II., much to the grief of the protestants, who feared that liberty would be restricted and progress impeded. Happily these fears were disappointed. In that same year 1790, Ferencz or Francis Kölcsey was born at a town called Szö-Demeter in Transylvania. His parents were protestants, and sent him at an early age to Debreczin to school. There he made such progress in his classical studies, that while a mere youth he translated the first book of the Iliad into Hungarian hexameters. Contrary to the general feeling at Debreczin, Kölcsey entered with enthusiasm into the project of Kazinczy to reform the Hungarian language (see Kazinczy), and declared himself his disciple. At first he cultivated poetry, and contributed some pieces to a periodical called the Transylvanian Museum, which were regarded as indicative of future eminence. Having resolved to follow the legal profession, his studies were directed accordingly, and in 1809 he received an appointment at Pesth as a notary. His literary habits brought him there into contact with some men of eminence; but his biographers state that he was by no means partial to society. In 1817 he wrote and published in one of the journals a satirical poem, and some other pieces characterized by considerable severity, which alienated some of his friends, and for a time put a period to his literary labours. A few years later he started a new periodical in connection with Szemere, and for that he wrote some of his best critical papers. In 1829 he began to take part in political affairs, at which time he was chief notary at Szatmar. This led to his appointment in 1832 as deputy for the county of Szatmar at the Hungarian diet. He was of the liberal party in his politics, and by his zeal, energy, and eloquence he soon won the chief place as the leader of his party. In 1838, when Wesselenyi and Kossuth were thrown into prison, the defence of Wesselenyi was undertaken by Kölcsey, although without success. Only a few days after the brilliant display of oratory he then made, he suddenly died, August 24, 1838, at Pesth. His works were collected and published after his death at Pesth, in five volumes, with an introduction, containing some valuable information respecting the author. His "Diary of the Diet at Pesth from 1832 to 1836" was published in 1848. His works consist of poems, critiques, tales, philosophical papers, and miscellaneous papers, and are very much admired for their varied excellencies.—B. H. C.
* KOELLIKER, Albrecht, a distinguished German physiologist, was born in 1817. He has now occupied for several years the chair of anatomy and physiology in the university of Würtzburg. An accurate and patient observer, Kölliker is especially known for his researches with the microscope. Having only commenced his scientific career after the microscope had acquired the extensive application that it has done of late years, he has already distinguished himself by the skill with which he has used this instrument in unravelling the intricate texture of the bodies of man and animals. Histology, or that department of science which embraces the facts relating to the ultimate structure of the tissues of the body of plants and animals, is only of recent origin. Though something had been done by
