Santa Cruz Island: this dialect reduplicated the root in forming the plural of nouns, and probably extended over the other Islands in its vicinity; it is extinct now.
The northern dialects are:—San Louis Obispo; stock of words largely mixed with Mutsun terms. The Indian name of the locality was Tixilini. San Antonio, spoken at or near San Antonio Mission, known to us through Padre Sitjar's dictionary. The plural of nouns is formed in more than twelve different ways, and the phonology is quite intricate.
Mutsun.—This name, of unknown signification, has been adopted to designate a family of dialects extending from the environs of San Juan Bautista, Cal., in a north-western direction up to and beyond the Bay of San Francisco and the Straits of Karquines, in the East reaching probably to San Joaquin river. It is identical with the language called Runsien or Rumsen, and shows a great development of grammatical forms. Its alphabet lacks the sounds of b, d, f and of our rolling r. We can distinguish the following dialects:—San Juan Bautista; Padre F. Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta has left us a grammar and an extensive phraseological collection in this idiom, which were published by John G. Shea, in two volumes of his "Linguistic Series." Mission of Carmelo near the Port of Monterey; the Eslenes inhabited its surroundings. Santa Cruz, north of the Bay of Monterey; vocabulary in New York Historical Magazine, 1864 (Feb.), page 68. La Soledad Mission; if this dialect, of whose grammatical structure we know nothing, really belongs to the Mutsun stock, it is at least largely intermixed with San Antonio elements. The tribe living around the Mission was called Sakhones. Costaño, on the Bay of San Francisco, spoken by the five extinct tribes of the Ahwastes, Olhones, Altahmos, Romonans, Tulomos. See Schoolcraft's Indians, Vol. II, page 494.
Under the heading of "Mutsun" I subjoin here a series of dialects spoken north of the Bay of San Francisco, which judging from the large number of Mutsun words, probably belong to this stock, but show also a large amount of Chocuyem words, which dialect is perhaps not, according to our present information, a Mutsun dialect. This point can be decided only when its grammatical elements, as verbal inflection, etc., will be ascertained.
The dialects, showing affinities with Mutsun, are as follows: Olamentke, spoken on the former Russian colony about Bodega Bay, Marin Co.; vocabulary in Wrangell, Nachrichten, etc., St. Petersburg, 1839, and reprinted by Prof. Buschmann. San Rafael Mission, Marin Co. Vocabulary taken by Mr. Dana; printed in Hale's Report of Exploring
