the sake of humanity, 'twere better ever to bury in oblivion; and,
on enquiry, we find that now, with very few exceptions, the utmost
decorum is observed by all classes, even to the humblest—a fact we
voluntarily digress to chronicle, as serving to dispel prejudice from
the same kind of fluid can hardly pass one another in the same ori
persuasion interred there, discontinued him. gentleman on the committee.
common domestic focal fire may not therefore be relied upon as a
fice, the ventilation of an apartment—that is, the establishment of a
current of air through it—can only be properly effected by the estab lishment of opposite currents through different orifices. In this man the minds of strangers who judge of our country, on the magnified ner it will be found that a fireplace with an open flue from it leading representations of authors—injudiciously encouraged by ourselves— to the outer air will act in concert with an open window; by allowing and which but serve to perpetuate ill feeling and contempt for our an up draught to be fed by the window, or by permitting a down national character. draught, according to the state of the atmosphere and the direction A Roman Catholic chaplain attends daily to recite the burial of any currents of wind; or as there may or may not be a fire in the service, and the committee, until very recently, had a Protestant chimney or heat affecting its flue from fire in another chimney. Open chaplain engaged, but, in consequence of the few members of that windows are seldom consistent with fires as sources of warmth, and the There is a Protestant
means of ventilating an apartment in connection with open windows. The monuments are generally of the usual promiscuous character One-third of the life of civilized man is passed in apartments within in point of design, but some very beautiful and tasteful structures buildings under circumstances which for the most part preclude open nevertheless are to be found in this cemetery.
That to which
greatest interest is attached is unquestionably O'Connell's, which
windows and render fires either inconvenient or unnecessary as a source of warmth.
One-third of the lives of three-fourths of the
being in the form of a round tower, after ancient models, and beau
people of England is passed in rooms which have no chimney tifully executed in granite ashler, rears its conical head to a height at all, or of which the chimney opening has a board before it; and of of 170 feet; and visible to the surrounding country for many miles, which the doors and windows are all shut as closely as the occupiers marks the spot where are destined to repose the remains of him whom all acknowledge to have been “a great man,” and which
can shut them. In the cases of the few who may indulge in bed room fires in the winter, or of those who will open a bedchamber
are still in the vault where originally placed after the funeral, having window an inch or two in the summer, the former allow the fire to been brought over by the Cemetery Committee, from Genoa, at a divide with them the pent-up air of the apartment; and the latter Underneath the round tower are spacious vaults shut down the registrar flap or put up the chimney board to prevent and a mortuary chapel, and the structure forms the centre of a the circulation which the state of the atmosphere or of the wind circle approached by bridges over a fosse. might bring about. Air is an inert body, and will not move either in There is a spacious chapel, in which divine service is performed, or out of any apartment unless something be done to induce move ornamented with fine paintings, and in the Doric style, after a de ment; but it yields ready obedience to any action that does not seek sign by Mr. Patrick Byrne, architect. Eight new vaults have been to compress it, and responds freely to any endeavour to draw it. cost of £1,200.
added, at a cost of about £200—Mr. Beardwood, builder.
In proximity with the entrance is the tomb of another great na tional boast, John Philpot Curran, whose wit and eloquence have created for him a memorial more perpetual than the massive stone work which covers his remains.
LIKE every other new invention when
Its superintendence to completion was entrusted to the late Mr. Papworth, architect, who adopted as his model the monument erected at Rome to Scipio Barbatius, and faithfully imitated its classic outline and details. The Association in this instance likewise paid the expenses of bringing over Curran's remains from Paddington, and the erection of the monument was raised by voluntary subscription. Amongst the remarkable persons whose remains repose here likewise
we may mention the names of Mr. Ruthven, late M.P. for Dublin, to whom a monument was erected by subscription; Tom Steele, the fides Achates of O'Connell; Sir Simon Bradstreet, and John O'Connell.
Monuments of an important class distinguish the family vaults of Sir Timothy O'Brien, Chief Justice Monahan, Messrs. Martin, the Misses Lalor, &c. The Committee offered to bring over thc remains of Thomas
Moore, and provide a fitting receptacle for them in the cemetery; but the offer was declined by his widow, with warm expressions of gratitude, as also was a similar one made to the family of the late Richard Lalor Sheil.
The ingenious manner of marking the grounds by letters and figures is due to M. J. O'Kelly, Esq. (one of the gentlemen ap pointed by the Catholic Association as a member of the committee, and now Secretary), a means by which, on reference to the registry,
any individual of the thousands there interred can be immediately found.
ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND NATURE OF LITHOGRAPHY.
-
Next to Pere la Chaise in Paris. Prospect Cemetery at Glasnevin is, perhaps, the most beautiful we have visited, though the compa rison may be slightly inconsistent, owing to the different nature of their respective sites—the one being elevated and hilly, the other lying somewhat low and occupying an extensive level surface; but
notice, this met with all
the
first
brought into
obstacles which ignorance and
prejudice could throw in its way, and it was not until after years of laborious perseverance, accompanied with the diffi culty of limited means that the inventor, Senefelder, established his reputation and gained for the new art its due degree of admiration. His inability to meet the printing expenses of his works, suggested the thought of devising some cheaper mode of publication. With this view his intention was first directed to several original and curious modes of stereotype, which, however, his circumstances pre vented his maturing. He first experimentalised on metal and composition blocks, and then on plates of copper and tin; also with an etching needle and chemical inks, but found they possessed all the objections found in the stereotyping plan. Experiments on stone slabs followed in rapid succession, and he was pleased to find that he was enabled to take numerous impressions from the original. From this period the art has increased wonderfully and attained a great excellence. Lithography differs from printing by moveable types, wooden blocks or plates, and consists of transmitting impressions to stone, and then working off by a hand-press the quantity required. The attraction and repulsion exhibited by different sub stances towards each other are beautifully applied to prac tical purposes in the process of lithography." The drawing, &c. to be lithographed is written with a peculiar kind of ink, between which and water there is a strong repulsive action, and is transferred by pressure to a fine grained and very porous stone; or a reverse
drawing is made at once upon the stone. When an impression is to be taken, the stone is wetted, and freely absorbs the moisture, except in those places that have been inked, which, therefore, will repel the water and remain quite dry. A roller containing the same kind of we must remark that we notice in this latter the recent introduction ink, is next passed over the stone, and the ink adheres only to those of chapel tombs over the graves, and the yellow wreath decorations places which have repelled the water, the other parts remaining so abundant in the former. For the present, however, to save cen perfectly clean. So delicate is the manipulation required in this sure for tediousness, we discontinue our notice, with a view of re process, that touching the stone with the fingers will leave an suming in our next, as regards the cemeteries at the south side. unctuous mark, to which the ink would adhere, and which, therefore, would be accurately, though unintentionally, transferred to the paper in printing. When the stone is inked, the paper previously damped A FEW PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE WENTILATION OF BUILDINGS.
is placed upon it, and by means of a peculiar hand-press any number
of copies may be struck off. The introduction of colours into lithography is of comparatively Doors and windows ought not to be taken into consi recent date, and is achieved by the application of a separate stone deration in connection with the ventilation of buildings; they for each tint. To such perfection has it been brought, that litho are provided for facility of ingress and egress to and within graphs now faithfully imitate and almost compete in point of excel the building, and for admitting light to the several apart lence with water-colour drawings. ments, and cannot be applied to promote ventilation in the seasons and under the circumstances which make ventilation most highly desi rable. It is not enough to set a window or door open to admit fresh air into an otherwise unventilated apartment, even when windows
and doors can be properly set open. The air must be drawn or pressed in, and in either case there must be a way of escape for what the apartment had previously contained; and as two opposite currents of
THE PRoposed SUEz CANAL.—This project is about being tried
by a Company with a capital of £8,000,000 sterling, in 400,000 shares of £20 each.
• Lithos, a stone; and grapho, I write.(Greek).
