Notes
1 George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Source, 1745–1799, ed., John C. Fitzpatrick, 39 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931–44), 3:354–55.
2 Ibid.; Worthington C. Ford, ed., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, 34 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904-37), 2:103, 191 (hereafter cited as JCC); An Universal Military Dictionary (London: J. Millan, 1779; reprint, Ottawa; Museum Restoration Service, 1969), p. 36. In the initial legislation Congress made brigadiers general officers. Washington nevertheless viewed their function during the war as nothing more than regimental colonels who acted on a larger scale. Regiments of the Continental Army were authorized staff officers, which included adjutants, surgeons, quartermasters, and paymasters.
3 Washington, Writings, 9:103.04, 12:60–61: Peter Force, ed., American Archives: A Collection of Authentic Records, State Papers, and Letters and Other Notices of Public Affairs, 9 vols. (Washington, D.C.: M. St. Clair & Peter Force, 1839-S3), 2:1028; Charles H. Lesser, The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 43, 72, 208; Robert K. Wright, Jr.. The Continental Army (Washington, D.C.; Government Printing Office, 1983), p, 97, Infantry regiments varied in strength during the war, but were usually authorized approximately 700 officers and enlisted men each.
4 Washington, Writings, 9:103–04, 12:60–6.
5 Boyd L, Dastrup, King of Battle: A Branch History of the U.S, Army's Field Artillery (Fort Monroe, Va.: U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, 1992), pp. 12–31; Wright, Continental Army, pp. 54, 150; William E. Birkhimer, Historical Sketch of the Organization, Administration, Materiel, and Tactics of the Artillery, United States Army (Washington, D.C.: James J. Chapman, 1884), pp. 76–77, 96–97.
6 Ford, JCC, 8:390–91, 11:542, 13:197–98; Washington, Writings, 10:374, 12:67, 79.
7 Washington, Writings, 16:101. Lesser's The Sinews of Independence illustrates the point on brigade designations.
8 Wright, Continental Army, p. 29: Washington, Writings, 3:354–S6; James C, Scudieri, "The Continentals: Comparative Analysis of a Late Eighteenth-Century Standing Army," Ph.D, dissertation, City University of New York, 1993. Lesser's The Sinews of Independence illustrates the point about quasi-permanent divisions.
9 Washington, Writings, 7:49, 10:363.
10 Ford, JCC, 6:1025, 1045, 18:960; Mary Lee Stubbs and Stanley Russell Connor, Armor-Cavalry, Part l: Regular Army and Army Reserve (Washington, D.C.; Government Printing Office, 1969), pp. 3–6; Wright, Continental Army, pp. 105–07, 133–34, 160–61; Oliver L. Spaulding, Hoffman Nickerson, and John W. Wright, Warfare (Washington, D.C.; Harcourt, Brace, and Co., 1925), pp. 554–35.
11 Washington, Writings, 27:374–98.
12 Ford, JCC, 3 Jun 1784; John F. Callan, comp., The Military Laws of the United States (Philadelphia: G.W. Childs, 1863), pp. 95–100.
13 Callan, Military Laws, pp. 122–25, This was the first law authorizing volunteers; the other laws concerning them were enacted during periods of crises. Those printed in this volume cover the period until 1863.
14 Maurice de Saxe, Reveries on the Art of War, trans,, Thomas R. Philipps (Harrisburg, Pa.; Military Service Publishing Co., 1944), pp. 36–38; Frederick Wilhelm von Steuben, A Letter on the Subject of an Established Militia, and Military Arrangements, Addressed to the Inhabitants of the United States (New York: J. McLean and Co., 1784), p, 45, Henry Knox, A Plan for the General Arrangement of the Militia of the United States (1786), published in Political Pamphlets, Jefferson Collection, Library of Congress; John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh, Infantry. Part l: Regular Army (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1972), pp. 12–13; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army From lts Organization, September
