itself into a common state of defense, we find that in the still accessible cases the negativism as well as the obstructions are at complex-locations. As soon as the association experiment or the examination strikes the complex, that is, the tender spot, the patient refuses to answer and retreats, just as the hysteric uses all sorts of pretexts in order to conceal the complex. How great an inclination the catatonic symptoms have towards generalization is particularly shown in negativism. Whereas in hysteria, in spite of a repeatedly very strong and impeding negativism, we still find certain accessible tracts to the mind, the negativistic catatonic shuts himself in completely, so that at least for the moment there are no means of penetrating. Occasionally the negativism is called forth by a single critical question. A special form of negativism is the evasive speaking, which we know in a similar form in the Ganser symptom-complex. Here, just as there, one deals with a more or less unconscious refusal to enter into conversation, hence something similar to the fascination and thought-deprivation. The Ganser symptom-complex, as was shown by Riklin's and my own works, has its own good reasons; the patients wish to repress their complex. In dementia præcox it is probably due to the same thing. In the psychoanalysis of hysteria we regularly find that the by-speaking or circumlocution occurs at the complex; the same is found at the complexes of dementia præcox, only that here this symptom, as well as all the catatonic symptoms, show a tendency to generalization. The catatonic symptoms of the motor spheres can be conceived without any difficulty as radiating effects of generalization. This is probably true in the majority of cases. It is true, however, that catatonic symptoms appear in localized and general brain disturbances where one cannot very well think of a psychological nexus. But here we also see at least just as frequently hysterical manifestations, whose psychogenesis is otherwise an established fact. What we should learn from this is never to forget the possibility of thinking "the other way."
An hallucination is crudely an outward projection of a psychic element. Clinically we know all gradations from inspiration or pathological fancy to loud hallucinations of hearing or to plastic vision. Hallucinations are ubiquitous. Dementia præcox only sets in motion a preformed mechanism which normally regularly
