their difficulties in this direction, has been shown by the recent well-known decision of the courts which threatens to completely incapacitate the unions.
On this point the already mentioned article of the Webbs in "Socialen Praxis" offers an interesting example which throws a significant light upon the future of the unions. They refer there to the great irregularity of the development of unions in England. Generally speaking, the strong have grown stronger, while those that were formerly weak are now weaker than before. The unions of coal miners, cotton workers, and in the building trades and the iron industry have grown. Those of the farm workers, sailors, clothing trades and unskilled laborers have gone backwards. The whole union world, however, is now threatened by the increasing opposition of the possessing classes. The English laws lend themselves remarkably well to the suppression of undesirable organizations, and the danger that they now offer to the unions "has grown, and the fear of them is increasing with the hostility against the unions and strikes which the judges and officials share with the remainder of the upper and middle classes." The existing laws are of a character "to deliver the laborers into the hands of the employers with hands tied." So that the Webbs are forced to reckon with a position "in which the collective bargain with its undeniably favorable conditions, the collective cessation of labor
