demonstrative except for an occasional grunt of approval,—represented in the poems in this group by the exclamations of "Ho! Ho!" and "How!" in italics and parentheses—or an occasional gruff and guttural "Ugh!" or grunt of disapproval or disgust.
"The Winds of Fifty Winters" is a poetic version of a famous Chippewa council which is recalled by the older folk among the Chippewas with many chuckles.
CHIEF BEAR'S-HEART "MAKES TALK"
LITTLE-CARIBOU MAKES "BIG TALK"
The remaining pocms in this group are poetic council talk interpretations suggested by speeches made at councils held by the government and Chippewa Indians for the discussion of certain alleged violations of the "Treaty of 1889," "The Treaty of 1854" and other treaties. Many of the grievances expressed in these monologues obviously represent but one point of view, the Indian's version of the dispute. Nevertheless, although many of his complaints and hardships are due to misunderstanding, to government red tape, or to the Indian's own weaknesses and defects, and are therefore often unreasonable and prejudiced, there is generally in his cause a proper share of truth and adequate grounds for complaint.
In order to give to the original Indian utterance clearness, coherence, and completeness, any Anglicized
