Cordillera, forming the spine of this continent, divides into two arms after leaving the Isthmus, which connects North and South America. One of these mountain ranges with its high vallies and table lands forms the barrier along the Pacific, while the other spreads out its massive veins throughout the middle and eastern portions of Mexico. Between these formations, the Valley of Oajaca lies embosomed; and from this beautiful and fruitful region, which was bestowed by the Spanish crown upon Cortéz, he obtained his Marquisate del Valle de Oajaca, in which his family still possessed, previous to the revolution, 49 villages, with a population of 17,700 persons.
In these two mountain regions, thus sundered by the valley, have dwelt, from the earliest periods, two Indian races known as the Mixtecas and the Zapotecas; the former of which is characterised by activity, intelligence and industry. Besides these tribes, seventeen others are reckoned still to inhabit Oajaca.
The State is divided into eight departments, which are subdivided into districts or cantons.
1st, The Department of the Centre, with the cantons of Oajaca, Partido del Toranéo, Etla, Tlacolula, and Zimatlan.
2d. Department of Ejutla, with the cantons of Octolan, Miahuatlan, and Pochutla.
3d. Department of Jamiltepec, with the cantons of Jamiltepec and Juquila.
4th. Department of Tehuantepec, with the cantons of Tehuantepec, Quechapa and Lachixila.
5th. Department of Teposcolula, with the cantons of Teposcolula, Tlaxiaco and Nochistlan.
6th. Department of Huajuapam, with the cantons of Huajuapam and Justlahuaca.
7th. Department of Toochila and Villalta, with the cantons of Ixtlan, Yalalag and Chuapam.
8th. The Department of Teutitlan del Camino, with the cantons of Teutitlan and Teutila.
These eight departments and twenty-three cantons,—with nearly 700,000 inhabitants,—contain one city,—the capital, Oajaca;—eight towns; nine hundred and thirteen villages; one hundred and thirty-seven large haciendas; two hundred and thirty-five ranchos; sixty-eight sugar mills or trapiches, and six estancias or cattle estates and grazing farms. Besides these elements of agricultural wealth, Oajaca possesses ten mills, driven by water power, nearly
