NEW BOOKS. 277 Cfrundbegriffe der Kunstivissenschaft. Von A. SCHMAESOW. Leipzig : Teubner, 1905. Pp. x, 850. Dr. Schmarsow's book is of more interest to the student of the history of art, than to those interested in its psychology or in philosophical aes- thetics. His general standpoint, not without divergence in matters of detail, is that of Alois Eiehl, in his Stilfragen and Beitrage zur Aesthetik der bildenden Kunste, who sees in the work of art " das Resultat eines bestimmten und zweckbewussten Kunstwollens, das sich im Kampfe mit Gebrauchszweck, Rohstoff und Technik durchsetzt ". The psycho- logical treatment, which is to be found in chapters iv. to vii. is slight, and is concerned mainly with symmetry and proportion, composition, and rhythm, without making any addition to what has already been written on these subjects. This is of course to be expected in a work professedly only applying what general aesthetic principles have been established to the explanation of the evolution of art-forms. The arts studied are almost entirely sculpture, painting and architecture, and the treatment of the historical relations of these, though again neces- sarily slight, is perhaps the best thing in the book. A. R. BROWN. Logica Formale dedotta dalla considerasione di modelli meccanici. By ANNIBALE PASTORE, Libero docente di Filosofia teoretica nella R. UniversitA di Geneva. Torino, 1906. Pp. xxiii, 258. In this work mechanical models are constructed on a plan which is intended to make the models work for valid moods of the syllogism and not for invalid moods. The author recognises that the syllogism is not the whole of symbolic logic, and regards his present work as merely a beginning. The models are ingenious and simple, but they work in some cases not commonly admitted as valid, for example OOA in the fourth figure. There is a discussion of these cases which is rather hard to follow ; the upshot seems to be that they are valid under certain limitations, and that it is as well the models should admit them. The author sums up his results as follows (p. 249) : " In substance, I have proved that the method of ideophysical models has its fertile use, in the examination of logical facts, both as an instrument of demonstration and as an instrument of research. It cannot be denied that the investiga- tions made with the help of models have in many cases not only re- constructed, but rectified and completed the theory of logical relations, with an exactness unknown to the ordinary teaching. Since, therefore, direct proof shows that, by the construction and the very simple work- ing of an apparatus (an experimental model) we do the same thing which might be done less conveniently by reasoning or calculation (a rational model), it follows that the facts which compose the abstract theory may be held to be justified experimentally." We are left in doubt as to how a person who would not assume the elementary principles of deduction could assure himself that his models must illustrate these principles and must work in a certain way. For this reason, the theoretical importance of a logical machine cannot, it would seem, be as great as Dr. Pastor e supposes. His view on this point, it should be said, is supported by a general philosophy which is set forth in the first part of the book. B. RUSSELL. 19
