434 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 8esthesia and illusion. Those of contrast and sequence are probably invalid. That of expression merges in the modern principle of suggestion ; further work upon this principle is promised. The paper is in many ways meritorious, especially upon the score of method. The observers were apparently all women, though this is not explicitly stated. The lack of a systematic standpoint, except as indicated by occasional remarks and quotations, gives the study an unfinished and preliminary appearance, which probably was intended by the writer : though this effect is needlessly heightened by careless composition and bad proof- reading.] Announcement. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. xvii.. No. 2. A. Borgquist.
- Crying.' [A paper based upon questionary returns. Classification :
crying among primitive peoples ; influence of age ; physical causes and symptoms, etc. The crying act : analysis and effects (circulation, bodily attitude, vocalisation, lump in throat, sob, tears, etc.). Theories and interpretation of data : the biology and psychology of crying. Bibli- ography.] E. H. Hollands. ' Wundt's Doctrine of Psychical Analysis and the Psychical Elements and Some Recent Criticism. II. Feeling and Feeling- Analysis.' [The difference between feelings and sensations, as subjective and objective, is not epistemological, but psychological. Wundt gives an introspective definition of ' subjective,' the chief element in which is tendency to fusion as distinguished from permanent discrete- ness. The canon of analysis is the same for feelings as for sensations, though the methods are necessarily different. The simplicity of the feeling is determined, not by reference to the sensational substrate, but by experimental variation of this substrate considered as feeling-stimulus.] E. Murray. ' Peripheral and Central Factors in Memory Images of Visual Form and Colour.' [Neither the attributes of the stimulus (qualitative and spatial) nor the general eye-movements prompted by them constitute the essential factor in visual reproduction. Reappear- ance and persistence, distinctness and accuracy of reproduction depend primarily on the relation of stimulus or image to central conditions and upon certain special motor phenomena accompanying fixation.] J. P. "Porter. 'Further Study of the English Sparrow and Other Birds.' [Experiments with vesper sparrow, cowbird, English sparrow and pigeon on learning maze (with memory experiments), opening catch of food-box (with memory experiments), distinction of designs, colours, etc. The English sparrow leads in capacity for fear, boldness, caution, and independent action. The cowbird is almost as wary, but less bold. The pigeon is timid, and has a keen sense of sight. Distraction of attention by the conditions of captivity shows least in the English sparrow.] A. IP. and I. C. Chamberlain. ' Hypnagogic Images and Bi-Vision in Early Childhood : a Note.' L. J. Martin. ' The Electrical Supply in the New Psychological Laboratory at the Leland Stanford, Jr., University.' Psychological Literature. Book Notes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS. Vol. xvi., No. 2, January, 1906. <J. S. Mackenzie. ' The Dangers of Democracy.' [Democracy means the self-government of a people ; and this is the highest possible con- ception of government. Its one great danger is that, through misinter- pretation in practice, it may fail to be true to itself and its own ideals, and become only the rule of the majority. The truest democracy is also the truest aristocracy the state in which every one exercises rule in the things and in the measure in which he is fitted to do so.] C. H. Toy.
- Ethical Influences in University Life. ' [The isolation of college life is
