stage of admixture. The pressure of the Turks from the south caused those Finns that did not become absorbed into the new type to migrate into the northern forests of Siberia, where they probably mingled with others of the same race as themselves. These Finns the early Russian pioneers called Ugrians.
In the thirteenth century arose the great Mongol Empire. The Mongol nomads set forth on their conquest, somewhere near the upper sources of the Selenga River, just south of Lake Baikal and in the country to the east of that inhabited by the Turkish races, with whom they were probably connected by racial and physical ties. The generals of the Great Khan penetrated into Siberia, subjugated the tribes along the Yenisei, Obi and Irtish, and chased the rest into the forests of the north. The Hakaz and other powerful Turko-Finnish tribes became satellites of the Mongols, joined their forces, and afterwards helped in the formation of the feudal Mongol Empire. Those Finnish tribes who would not submit were forced to retreat to the northern forests or to the upper plateaus of the Altai, and the remote comers of the Upper Yenisei, where their relics are found to this day. But this empire was too ephemeral to last, and in the fourteenth century the Mongol power weakened, and the influence of the "Golden Horde" began to wane. At once certain of these Turko-Finnish tribes of Southern Siberia revolted, and set up independent political authorities or khanates, the chief of which centred round the Ishim and Tobol rivers in Western Siberia and was called the Khanate of Sibir. It was not long before this Turko-Finnish khanate accepted Islam, which was becoming a great religious force in the East about this time, and
