cattle and horses are used to replenish the Siberian herds. The former also are killed for meat in the principal Siberian towns. The Russian traders, who come especially for this purpose, collect large herds of cattle, horses and sheep, during the summer in Mongolia, and drive them into Siberia in the autumn along the chief trade routes. Here they are sold at the principal Siberian autumn fairs. Many are slaughtered at places such as Biisk or Novo-nikolaevsk, and the skins forwarded to European Russia for tanning, while tallow is made in Siberia from the Mongolian fat-tailed sheep. The export of live stock from Mongolia shows a steady increase. Thus in 1905, 1298 cattle and 4350 sheep, and in 1910, 20,729 sheep and 1678 cattle were exported by the north-western route. Mongolian cattle are larger and hardier than the Siberian type. The former give from 11 to 21 pouds (396 to 432 lbs.) and the latter only 7 to 8 pouds (252 to 288 lbs.) of meat per carcass. Mature cattle in North-West Mongolia cost from 20 to 40 roubles, according to age, while sheep can be exchanged for Russian silver at from 2 to 4 roubles a head. As with the wool trade, the development of the live-stock trade must depend largely upon the condition of the Siberian markets, and as Siberia is colonized with agriculturists, the demand for Mongolian live stock is certain to increase.
f. Furs.—The chief fur produced in Mongolia is marmot, and to a smaller extent fox, squirrel and sable. The two latter being denizens of the sub-Arctic forests, it is only in a few spots, where sub-Arctic conditions exist along the Siberian-Mongolian frontier, that they are obtainable in any large quantities. Here on the Amur and the Upper Yenisei
