456
NOTES AND QUERIES.
[9 th S. I. JUNE 4, '98.
blunder concerning the designations of
cloistered organizations, and accordingly be
lenient towards them, for the confusion is
due not so much to habits of inaccuracy as
to difficulty of definition. Whether tneir
vows are simple or solemn, revocable by the
General of the Order or by the Pontiff only,
is perhaps of very remote interest to the
world, however significant to this or that
religious body. ST. CLAIR BADDELEY.
The protest of J. B. S. against the prevail- ing looseness of expression in popular and, indeed, learned references to the different Orders of "Religious" is most timely and necessary. The evil is widespread, and is especially rampant among journalists, who usually flounder when they touch any eccle- siastical subject. Catholics, as might be ex- pected, rarely err in the matter. A school- boy from Stonyhurst or Oscott would never talk of an Oratorian friar, yet Mr. Conan Doyle (born a Catholic, I believe) speaks, in his 'Adventures of Brigadier Gerard,' of a Capuchin abbot (!), which, I take it, is a trifle worse than a " Passionist monk." Even J. B. S., grateful as I am to him for his pro- test, errs on a point or two. He speaks of the Jesuits as if they were a Religious Con- gregation on the same basis as the Redemp- torists or Fathers of Charity, whereas they are one of the eight bodies of Clerks Regular. And he is wrong in thinking that friars are not monks. All friars are monks, though not all monks are friars. It is quite permissible to speak of a " Dominican monk," though it is better to speak of a " Dominican friar."
The whole subject will be made clearer by a simple enumeration of the different kinds of booties of " Religious," which are really five in number. First, then, there are (1) Canons Regular (e.g., Augustinians, Premonstraten- sians); (2) Monks (Benedictines and their different " reforms," e.g., Vallombrosans, Oli- vetans, Carthusians, <fec.); (3) Friars (Augus- tinians, Carmelites, Trinitarians or Crutcned Friars, Dominicans, and Franciscans, of whom the Capuchins are a " reform "); (4) Clerks Regular (Theatines, Barnabites, Jesuits, Clerks Minors, and four others); and (5) Congregations (e.g., Oratorians, Oblates of St. Charles, Passionists, Redemptorists, Ob- lates of Mary, &c.). We shall escape a pit- fall if after the names of all Societies of Clerks Regular and Congregations we simply add the word "Fathers," thus: Jesuit Fathers, Barnabite Fathers, Passionist Fathers, and Redemptorist Fathers. M. C.
BUNKER'S HILL (9 th S. i. 387). The deriva- tion of this name has been often discussed in
the columns of 'N. & Q.' Correspondents
have shown that places bearing the name of
Bunker's Hill are to be found near Gains-
borough, Devon port, in Warwickshire, Suf-
folk, two in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Derby-
shire. I know of another near Newtown,
co. Wexford, one in Queensland, and two in
America. It has been stated that a George
Bunker of Charlestown, who died there in
1634, had a grant of land known as Bunker's
Hill; but the general opinion appears to be
that at least some of the places derive their
name from the growth of the hemlock, for
which bunk is the Icenian name, and which
grows in most countries in Europe. See
' N, & Q.,' 2 nd S. v. 191; xii. 100, 178, 199, 299;
3 rd S. i. 236, 437; 6 th S. iv. 48, 255; v. 57, 175,
295. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.
71, Brecknock Road.
LA MISERICORDIA : RULE OF LIFE OF THE THIRD ORDER OF FRANCISCANS (9 th S. i. 408). The Compagnia della Misericordia, Florence, was instituted about 1244. For its origin see Landini, ' Storia della Com. d. Misericordia,' p. 25. This religious society includes persons of all ranks. When on duty they wear a black monastic dress, with a hood concealing the face. The principal duty of the brother- hood, which is held in great respect, is to convey the sick to the hospital and to relieve their families during illness. The establish- ment is in the Piazza del Duomo, opposite the Campanile.
The most ample and circumstantial account of the Order of St. Francis is to be found in 'Annales Minorum, seu Trium Ordinum a S. Francisco Institutorum, autore Luca Wad- dingo Hiberno.' The second and best edi- tion was published at Rome, 1731-44, in 19 vols. fol. See specially vol. i. pp. 66-79. Luke Wadding was an eminent Irish Roman Catholic, born at Waterford 1588, and founder of the College of St. Isidore for the education of Irish students of the Franciscan Order. He died in Ireland, after passing many years on the Continent, in 1657.
ROBERT WALTERS.
Ware Priory.
'Life in Tuscany,' by M. S. Crawford (Smith & Elder, 1859), contains an account of the Compagnia della Misericordia in chap. x. pp. 280-98. See also Murray's 'Handbook to North Italy,' part ii. p. 603 (1856), where there is a brief account with a reference to Landini, * Storia della Compagnia,' <fec. Two pages are devoted to the subject in letter vii. of Trollope's * Impressions of a Wanderer in Italy,' &c. (Colburn, 1850).
C. LAWRENCE FORD, B.A.
