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of hemp attained to 1,000,000 quintals, and that of flax to 600,000 quintals. The South of the Ukraine gave an average of 1,000,000 quintals of grapes, which produced nearly 500,000 hectolitres (hectolitre equals 22 gallons) of wine.
Cattle-breeding in the Ukraine is also of great importance. There were at the beginning of the war 8,100,000 horses, including 27,600,000 horned cattle, sheep and goats, and 6,300,000 pigs.
The Ukraine possesses vast coal measures and the greater part of the anthracite mines of the Donetz. Her production from the mines does not fall far short of that of France.
The Ukraine has also important iron mines (Krivoirog and Kerch), which give each year five to seven million tons of ore. It takes a third place (after Caucasus and the Indies) for its production of manganese. It also contains rich-bearing petroleum wells in Eastern Galicia (from 10,000,000 to 17,000,000 quintals annually) and in the Kuban (from 12,000,000 to 17,000,000 quintals).
All this wealth shows that the Ukraine is capable of forming a State and of developing its strength. Through the coal and iron a considerable industry has already been developed. But the Russian policy has so far favoured the industry of the North and neglected that of the Ukraine. Also the textile industry hardly exists in the Ukraine (not a tenth of the production of Old Russia has been reached.) But other industries, such as the sugar and flour industries, and also the metallurgic and ceramic industries, are, in spite of everything, more developed in Ukraine than in the rest of the former Empire. Concerning, for example, metallurgy, the Ukraine has some 20 factories, and more than 50 furnaces, from which 3,000,000 tons of cast iron are passed out; she possesses three large factories for the manufacture of locomotives, which suffice the needs of the railways in the country. At Ekaterinoslav and at Nicholaieff (naval construction) factories are numerous. For agricultural implements there
