Thus twice in each case we have Zion, the stronghold of Zion, and the stronghold, distinctly stated to be or to be called the City of David; and as things that are equal to the same are equal to one another, it follows mathematically (and is not assumed) that Zion is equal to, or the same as, the stronghold or (fully) the stronghold of Zion. The convertibleness of the three terms in the historical books of the Bible is, as I have already stated (1881, 94), the ABC of Jerusalem topography. When, as on this point, Josephus is at variance with the Bible, the only satisfactory plan is to discard him altogether, or throw him overboard (to use Mr. St. Clair's words), and not to make a compromise between truth and error, whereby have arisen almost all the difficulties about Jerusalem.
On passing from the Bible to 1 Maccabees, the second point, that Zion (already proved to be the City of David) was coincident with Akra, is clear beyond doubt, because 1 Mace, i, 33, states, "They builded the City of David. . . . and it became an Acra for them." The identity seems to me complete. Ignoring this passage does not diminish its force. I dealt with this point in 1893, 326.
The Macedonian Akra in the "Antiq." of Josephus is obviously identical with that of 1 Mace, and is, I maintain, coincident with Zion. The Akra of his "Wars," however, is first the hill on which the lower city stood (V, iv, 1); next it is the lower city itself (V, vi. 1), while in "Ant." XII, V, 4, Akra is placed in the lower city. I do not maintain that a fixed quantity, the City of David (or Zion), was coincident with an Acra of two or three dimensions; but still this Akra of different sizes was, like Zion, wholly south of the Temple. Mr. St. Clair admits "there are passages in Josephus which require Akra to be on Ophel"; let me add that there are none that require an Akra (connected with the lower city) to be situated anywhere else. I have walked about Zion and gone round about her too long and too often during the last sixteen years, and marked her bulwarks too carefully to believe that the City of David on Ophel has anything to fear from the keenest criticism; and even if I turned traitor like Araunah, my Plymouth brother H.B.S.W. has the will and power to break all weapons forged against her. Still, if any hero remains eager to outdo Joab, let him assail our Zion. It might be well for him beforehand not to pry too closely into the evidence, or possibly she may attract another knight-errant and dismiss me donatum rude.
If any should object that our City of David on Ophel was only a tiny citadel on a low hill, and therefore could not have been an impregnable fortress, I cheerfully admit the description; but I must reply that in old times citadels were called cities; that Nora, the chosen stronghold of Eumenes, the great strategist, was less than 234 acres in extent, the very area assigned to my Zion by Major Conder (1886, 152); and that the citadel at Rabbath Ammon, "the rock of the plain" (Jer. xxi, 13) in spite of its naturally strong position, was thrice reduced by thirst. On the other hand, Gihon gave to Zion strength as well as sweetness. The
