SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES.
[Abbreviations.—Am. J. Ps. = American Journal of Psychology; Ar. f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie; Int. J. E. = International Journal of Ethics; Phil. Mon. = Philosophische Monatshefte; Phil. Stud. = Philosophische Studien; Rev. Ph. = Revue Philosophique; R. I. d. Fil. = Rivista Italiana di Filosofia; V. f. w. Ph. = Vierteljahrschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie; Z. f. Ph. = Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik; Z.vf. Ps. u. Phys. d. Sinn. = Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane; Phil. Jahr. = Philosophisches Fahrbuch; Rev. de Mét. = Revue de Métaphysique et Morale.—Other titles are self-explanatory.]
LOGICAL.
All simple judgments may be stated in one of the forms: (1) S is P, (2) S is not P, and expresses (1) Identity, or (2) Distinctness (of Application) in Diversity (of Signification). Hence, these forms and this analysis are absolutely general, or formal as far as simple (or Categorical) judgments are concerned. Categorical propositions always imply existence. Unless existence in some region is postulated, no meaning can be given to a proposition. The view of judgment as Identity in Diversity shows (1) that the possibility of propositions thus analyzable depends upon the fact that we can neither know nor can suppose anything that has not a plurality of co-existent characteristics, and hence a plurality of names, (2) their actual use upon the fact that we thus express judgments about things for the sake of drawing attention to some selection of their characteristics.
J. A. Leighton.
PSYCHOLOGICAL.
Ebbinghaus' monograph falls into four principal sections: (1) the Helmholtz theory, (2) the theory of Hering, (3) the visual purple, (4) explanation of the facts. To these is appended a concluding
