of the universal prophetic consciousness, which takes into account both the inner and outer experience and brings them into harmony, an important step is taken. The eschatological part develops the transcendent, which is only an apparent reversion to the phantasies of the Orient. Both form and matter are occidental, and stand in close relationship to the Timaios.
W. H.
The doxographical literature on ethics, unlike that on physics, is very slight. An exception to this is the question of the τέλος, which from Karneades on seems to have had a special doxographical literature. I. The Carneadea divisio. Cicero's account goes back to Klitomachos, one of the most prominent pupils of Karneades. i. Fin. v. 16 ff. The source for the determination of the highest good is the prima invitamenta naturae. Prudentia, as ars vivendi, can find its starting point only in some fundamental need of human nature which sets desire in activity. The highest good will then be determined by the most intense fundamental need. As to what this is, there is great diversity of opinion. Three possible views are put forward: (1) Voluptas et depulsio doloris; (2) Vacuitas doloris; (3) prima secundum naturae, e.g., incolumitas conservatioque omnium, valetudo, sensus integri, doloris vacuitas, vires, pulchritude, cetera generis eiusdem. Further, Fin. II, 33 f., III, 30 f.; Tusc. V, 84; Acad. pr. 129 ff. II. The list of Clemens of Alexandria xxxx, (στρωματεῑς II, §§ 127-133), in whole or part, dependent on Antiochos of Askalon. In reference to the doctrine of the τέλος, Clemens distinguishes four groups: I. (1) The Hedonists, i.e., the Cyrenaics and Epikuros, both of whom are regarded as pure Hedonists. (2) Deinomachos and Kalliphon. (3) The peripatetic Hieronymos: τέλος is τὸ ἀοχλήτως ζῆν. (4) Diodoros. (5) The Aristotelians. II. Stoics. Defenders of the principle of life in harmony with nature (ὁμολογουμένως ζῆν), including, in addition to seven Stoics, also Ariston, Herillos, the Skeptics of the Academy, the peripatetic Lykos, Leukimos, and Kritolaos. III. The so-called physical philosophers, (i) Anaxa- goras: τὴν θεωρίαν φάναι τοῡ βίου τέλος εἶναι καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ ταύτης ἐλευθερίαν. (2) Herakleitos: εὐαρέστησις. (3) Pythagoras: τὴν τελωτάτην τῶν αριθμῶν ἐπιστήμην. (4) School of Demokritos. (a) Demokritos: εὐθυμία. (b) Hekataios: αὐτάρκεια. (c) Apollodoros of Kyzikos: ψυχαγωγία (d) Nausiphanes: ἀκαταπληκσία. (e) Diotimos: εὐεστώ.
