on the subject for the purpose of giving to the pupil an insight into the vital principles of social existence. What is said about these fundamental wants of man, and the labor by which they are satisfied, and the wealth by which their satisfaction is made permanent through the conquest over nature, is said by Hegel in the light of the completest view of the world that can be found in the entire range of human thinking. There follows, as the second and third parts of this section on sociology, a chapter on the administration of justice, and another chapter on Polizei and corporation. By the word Polizei Hegel indicates not merely what we call the police, but the entire system of protecting or defending the individual in the sphere of his vocation or calling, and in the field of his "pursuit of happiness." It does what the social whole can do to secure to the individual the fruits of his deed, by removing for him the obstacles which arise through the caprice of his fellow-men. Each citizen is a part of this police or municipal government, in so far as his deeds are measured by the standard of legality, and bring him into relation with other individuals, and effect wrong or injury to either party. The 'corporation,' on the other hand, is an instrument by which the individual citizen on his own side attempts to provide a permanent means of subsistence for himself and family. In this sense the English word 'corporation' does not convey the true idea. Corporation, in the sense Hegel uses it here, signifies guild, or a special calling recognized in law. In our time a 'labor union' takes the place of the old-time 'guild,' and as an association undertakes to provide for its interests, defending it against the attacks of capital or against the dangers of free apprenticeship. It attempts by strikes and other means to protect the interests of its band of laborers. Corporation, on the other hand, in our time generally signifies the free union of capitalists who unite for manufacturing purposes or for transportation or trade, and form companies with limited or unlimited liabilities.
Finally (3) the nature of the state is considered in this third part of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. He discusses first the state constitution, considering the three essential elements in the state, which we should call the legislative, the executive, and the judicial, but which Hegel calls (a) the princely function, (b) the administrative function, and (c) the legislative function. The administrative function (Regierungs-Gewalt, translated "the executive" by Professor Dyde) deals with the application of the laws, including the police element and especially the judicial element; while the third function (Gesetzgebende-Gewalt, translated by Professor Dyde "the legisla-
