invertebrates until the beginning of the nineteenth century. At this time Scoresby was one of the best observers. The first man to give us a concrete idea of animals that lived in the deep Arctic waters was Sir John Ross, who initiated his nephew, James Clark Ross, in that work which, as already mentioned, he afterwards carried out successfully in Antarctic seas. Baron Nordenskjold did really good systematic marine zoological work; and after him Payer and Weyprecht, during the German Expedition of 1870 to East Greenland and the Austrian Expedition of 1874 to Franz Josef Land. In 1897 the author brought home large zoological collections from Franz Josef Land. Major Andrew Coats' expedition to the Barents Sea and the Prince of Monaco in Spitsbergen seas in 1898 also carried out important marine biological research. During that year and in 1899, 1906, and 1907 the Prince of Monaco and Dr. Jules Richard trawled, trapped, and tow-netted several times in high latitudes and deep water in the Greenland Sea. Since 1898 many others, including the Duke of Orleans, Nathorst, and Amundsen have done similar work, so that altogether we have a very considerable knowledge of the fishes and invertebrates of the Greenland, Spitsbergen, and Barents Seas, as well as those of Davis Strait and some of its sounds.
