we say that the earth revolves round the sun, and that the sun is a fixed, or nearly fixed body, and that all the planets including the earth, go round the sun; that is, in Figure 28, instead of supposing S with the whole system of orbits to travel round E, suppose Me, V, E, Ma, and others, to travel in separate orbits round S. The appearances of the planets, as viewed from the earth, will be represented exactly as well as before. How it could then happen that a theory like that of the Greek astronomers could still be received as true, after the publication of the simple explanation which I have now given, is beyond my conception. It did, however, very much change the relative importance of the sun and the earth; it made the sun the most important body of all, and the earth one of the least important; and perhaps it, was this which really occasioned the difficulty of receiving it. This great step in the explanation of the planetary motions was made by Copernicus, an ecclesiastic of the Romish Church, a Canon of Thorn, a city of Prussia. The work in which he published it is dedicated to the Pope. At that time it would appear that there was no disinclination in the Romish Church to receive new astronomical theories. But in no long time after, when Galileo, a philosopher of Florence, taught the same theory, he was brought to trial by the Romish Church, then in full power, and he was compelled to renounce the theory. How these two different courses of the Romish Church are to be reconciled I do not know, but the fact is so.
Soon after the time of Copernicus, the telescope was invented by Galileo. One of the most important discoveries made with it was, that the planets do not always appear to be round, and that they obviously are not fully illuminated at all times. The
