London. At the beginning of that Society, as at the beginning of most Societies, although some care might have been taken that no absurdities should creep in, it was difficult to avoid them entirely. And in a paper which was intended to prove the truth of the Copernican theory, for which purpose the writer (I do not remember why) thought it necessary to prove that the stars are at tolerably equal distances, he begins by establishing the latter proposition by means of the following assumption: "Now we all know that hell is the centre of the earth." It seems perfectly absurd at the present time that anybody should start with a proposition like that to work out a physical theory. Yet it is equally absurd to assume at once that the earth is in motion, and for that reason I have, been anxious to convey to you the evidence by which it is proved generally that the earth is in motion. And I shall now proceed to recapitulate, in as few words as I can, the main points of what was said yesterday in regard to the earth.
I endeavoured to point out to you the method of measuring the earth, and I told you that we wanted the means of measuring hundreds or thousands of miles. In some instances it is obvious that to measure a long meridional arc, in the most direct line that the earth's curvature permits, is an impossibility. The way is, to measure a short line which I call the base line, being a few miles in length; and great trouble is necessary to give even to this measurement the requisite accuracy. When the base is measured, we plant theodolites at its two ends, and by means of these we observe a signal upon a hill, or any other distant place. It is then usual to carry a third theodolite to the signal station: this is not absolutely necessary, but it is done as a matter of prudence, to
