But there is another kind of evidence derived from the measure of arcs of longitude, obtained by ascertaining the difference of time at which the transits of stars are seen at different places. Thus, in Figure 22, the star S is not on the meridian at the two places K and L at the same moment of time. Now, we want to measure the difference of time at which a star passes over the meridian at the two places: and this is done by using some means of comparing the times of the two clocks at the two stations—thus ascertaining how much one clock is before or behind the other. And inasmuch as we have the transit instrument, we can determine the absolute times at which the same star passes at both stations; so that by observing transits of the star with the clock at one place K, and by observing transits of the same star with the clock at the other place L, and comparing the clocks, we have the means of ascertaining the absolute difference of time of transit; and when we have done that, we can tell how great a fraction of the revolution of the earth has been performed. Clocks may be compared by observation of instantaneous signals, such as the flashes of gunpowder fired on elevated stations. There is one long arc, commencing in the neighbourhood of Padua, in Italy, crossing the Alps, and terminating at Marennes, near Bordeaux, in France. Intermediate places, A,B,C,D, &c., were chosen for clock stations, in such positions that one set of signals on an intermediate mountain could be seen both at A and at B; another set of signals on another mountain could be seen both at B and at C, and so on to the end of the arc; and thus clock A was compared with clock B, clock B with clock C, &c., to the end of the arc. Another method of
