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U>cation, etc. n'S EASY TO MAKE BIG SPARE TIME MONEY Send for our free plan on how to make S5.00 to $15.00 a week In your spare lime by taking; orders for Popixar Science Monthly from your friends. Xo scUinK required. Turn c-slra hours into extra dollars. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 381 Fourth Ave. New York. N. Y. GENIUS OR IDIOT? (Continued from page 42) body changes. When a lack of this hormone occurs, the individual grows little during childhood and usually stops growing alto- gether at an early age. As a rule, this kind of dwarfism is accompanied by obesity. Many of the short, chubby people you meet are mild cases of pituitary deficiency. Mr. Mok : How about giants? Dr. Ri'CKES : A giant is the exact opposite of this second kind of dwarf. Gigantism is the result of an over-abundance of this fluid from the front part of the pituitary, which makes an individual grow out of all propor- tion to normal without, however, changing the body form. One of the best-known, authentic cases of gigantism is that of Charles Byrne, the "Irish giant," whose skeleton is on exhibition in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, in London. According to Sir Arthur Keith, the famous British scientist, it measures " feet, 8.4 inches in height, but in life Byrne is supposed to have stood 8 feet, 2 inches. He was born in 1761 and died only twenty-two years later. Giants usually have excessive bone formation. Mr. Mok : Why is that ? Dr. Ruckes: Because the pituitary also regulates, to some extent, the formation of the bones. Of all animals, turtles have the most bone in proportion to the rest of the body. They also have the most active pitui- tary gland. The fact that over-activity of the pituitary is responsible for giants has been proved time and again in the laboratory. Giant rats have been produced by daily injections of pituitary fluid. One rat attained exactly twice its normal size — in other W'ords, if it had been a man, it would have been nearly twelve feet tall. Mr. Mok : What is wrong with the fat lady of the circus? DR. RUCKES: She is a case of excessive obesity caused by lack of pituitary fluid but unaccompanied by dwarfism. Mr. Mok : What are the functions of some of the other endocrine glands? Dr. Ruckes: One of the most interesting of the glands and one which, in the last eight years, has received world-wide publicity, is the pancreas, the producer of insulin. This is a peculiar and complex gland because it has ducts and also acts as a ductless gland. Its duct-bearing part produces digestive juices that are in no way related to endocrincs. Its ductless portions are the insulin producing parts. Insulin literally means "from the islands." This refers to the small, islandlike areas in the pancreas that secrete this sub- stance. Insulin in its pure form was extracted by Dr. F. G. Banting and Dr. J. J. R. Mac- Leod, both of the University of Toronto. They discovered it could be used successfully in the treatment of diabetes, though it is not a cure for the disease. In 1923, Banting and MacLeod received the Nobel Prize for these achievements. Mr. Mok : Isn't insulin from sheep used in the treatment of diabetes? DR. RUCKES : It is, and I am glad you asked that question because it reminds me of an important feature of the endocrine glands. It is this: They are virtually inter- changeable in all backboned animals, from fish to man; that is to say, they secrete the same chemicals no matter in what animal they are found. Only backboned creatures have ductless glands. Incidentally, the fact that they are interchangeable i? considered by evolutionists as another piece of evidence for the relationship, and hence, common descent, of the animals, including man. First, it was discovered that thyroid extract from a sheep would cause growth changes in a frog. 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