be defective. It prevents the direct comprehension in the mind of energy as being motion and nothing else; it leaves unexplained how a body perfectly at rest can come to move; and further implies the dissipation of energy (which I have treated in a previous number of this journal) in a new phase, for, if all the actual energy in the universe were to become potential, all the real and positive motions which constitute life might indefinitely cease.
Let us examine, then, some cases of "potential" energy, and see if they be not actual, although under a disguise; so that the present definition of the conservation of energy may be replaced by the more intelligible statement that motion is constant; that it is never abolished for a time, nor absolutely suspended, all appearances to the contrary notwithstanding; and that so, all cases of energy are dynamic, and no part of them static, as now currently held.
For matter seemingly at rest may contain within itself motions as real as those to which at another time it openly gives rise, when it radiates heat or attracts by magnetism.
First of all, then, let us consider the case of a stone at a height, say on the brow of a cliff, capable of falling at any time when slightly pushed.
Gravity is the one force, of all the forms of energy, whose relations with others it is most difficult to imagine.
Other forces affect each other most palpably: magnetism forsakes a magnet when it is made white hot; chemical affinity is most sensitive to variations of temperature, and even in some cases to mechanical tremor; the transmission of electricity is favored by the cooling of a conductor, and so on.
Otherwise is it with gravity: a given mass of matter, however mechanically moved, electrified, magnetized, heated, or subjected to chemical changes, at the same point on the earth's surface, always weighs the same.
The only force with which gravity has any analogy is magnetism; and were magnetism always attractive, instead of polar, with equal opposite manifestations of attraction and repulsion, the analogy would be a strong one.
Let us, however, work out what analogy there is, and we may find that as the subtile movements of light were made plain by the study of the grosser movements of sound in air, so may the long-hidden laws of gravity be revealed in part, by tracing the similitude existing between their effects and those of common magnetism.
Both forces obey the law of squares: according to that law, they diminish as we recede from their centres of attraction. And what is very suggestive is, that, as their appetites are satisfied, they decrease in exactly the same ratio.
Two small magnets at a great distance from each other (so as to be practically out of the range of each other's influence), having each
