The real motion will be that of the solid portion of the earth that moves from west to east, and underneath these waves, though these waves do also acquire, by means of friction, a part of this motion; yet the centrifugal and centripetal forces are so much superior as to master the effect of this friction. This frictional force carries also these tide-waves so far eastward that they occur always several hours east of the meridian; that is, several hours after noon, and several hours after midnight.
It is a known fact that the waters of the tides rush up the rivers and small bays on the east coasts of all countries with great violence, but not up those on the west coasts. The reason of this is very evident. The west coasts turn away from the tide-waves; while the east coasts, moving with a velocity of nearly 1,000 miles an hour, in rotation, within all parts of the tropics, dash violently eastward against these waves. For this reason the waters, by resistance or inertia, appear to be driven violently westward up the streams and bays, while it is the mouths of these channels ploughing with violence into the tide-waves themselves.
It has been stated in this article that gravity is greater at that part of the earth's surface turned away from sun and moon than anywhere else. It may be asked, "How then can centrifugal force drive out the water above the usual level when its weight is increased?" This force acts in a line tangent to the earth's orbit, which tangent line, being perpendicular to the radius vector at perihelion and aphelion, and at all other points in the earth's orbit very nearly so, may be said to be at right angles with a line extending from this point of tangency through the centre of the earth to the centre of the sun. Therefore, the attractive power of the sun acts on matter, at the part of the earth most remote from it, in the direction of the radius vector; and centrifugal force acts on this same matter in a direction at right angles with the radius vector. Now, as was first demonstrated by Galileo, the motion of a body, produced by one force, is not destroyed by another force acting on this same body at right angles with it. The result of these two combined forces is only a change in the direction of motion. But, as has already been shown, centrifugal is always in excess of centripetal force at the place of the earth now under consideration. Hence this tide-wave at this side.
I conclude by saying that the great motions of the waters of the mighty deep are most assuredly the grandest ocular demonstrations of the rotation of the earth upon her axis, and of her revolution around the sun, that can be witnessed by the eyes of man.
