apparatus of Holmes, however, was rapidly distanced by the safer and more powerful machines of Siemens and Gramme.
As regards lighthouse illumination, the next step forward was taken by the Elder Brethren of the Trinity House in 1876-'77. Having previously decided on the establishment of the electric light at the Lizard in Cornwall, they instituted at the time referred to an elaborate series of comparative experiments wherein the machinery of Holmes, of the Alliance Company, of Siemens, and of Gramme, were pitted against each other. The Siemens and the Gramme machines delivered direct currents, while those of Holmes and the Alliance Company delivered alternating currents. The light of the latter was of the same intensity in all azimuths round the place of observation; that of the former was different in different azimuths, the discharge being so regulated as to yield a gush of light of special intensity in one direction. The following table gives in standard candles the performance of the respective machines:[1]
| Name of Machines. | Maximum. | Minimum. |
| Holmes | 1,523 | 1,523 |
| Alliance | 1,953 | 1,953 |
| Gramme (No. 1) | 6,663 | 4,016 |
| "(No. 2) | 6,663 | 4,016 |
| Siemens (large) | 14,818 | 8,932 |
| "(small, No. 1) | 5,359 | 3,339 |
| "(small, No. 2) | 6,864 | 4,138 |
| Two Holmes's coupled | 2,811 | 2,811 |
| Two Gramme's | 11,396 | 6,869 |
| Two Siemens's (Nos. 1 and 2) | 14,134 | 8,520 |
These determinations were made by Mr. Douglass, the engineer-in-chief, and Mr. Ayres, the assistant engineer of the Trinity House. After this contest, which was conducted throughout in the most amicable manner, Siemens machines of the smaller type were chosen for the Lizard.[2]
We have machines capable of sustaining a single light and also machines capable of sustaining several lights. The Gramme machine, for example, which ignites the Jablochkoff candles on the Thames Embankment and at the Holborn Viaduct, delivers four currents, each passing through its own circuit. In each circuit are five lamps through which the current belonging to the circuit passes in succession. The lights correspond to so many resisting spaces, over which, as already explained, the current has to leap; the force which accomplishes the
- ↑ Observations from the sea on the night of November 21, 1876, made the Gramme and small Siemens practically equal to the Alliance. But the photometric observations, in which the external resistance was abolished, and previous to which the light-keepers had become more skilled in the management of the direct current, showed the differences recorded in the table. A close inspection of these powerful lights at the South Foreland caused my face to peel, as if it had been irritated by an Alpine sun.
- ↑ As the result of a recent trial by Mr. Schwendler, they have been also chosen for India.
