importance; and yet it is one on which the most antagonistic opinions are held.
Among the many ailments which may be transmitted from the sick to the healthy, the ones with which we are most familiar in this country are those which are grouped together under the name of "the eruptive fevers." To this group typhoid fever belongs. It includes also small-pox, typhus fever, scarlet fever, and measles. Each consists of an attack of fever of more or less definite duration, and of a local inflammation or eruption: during the course of each its poison is largely reproduced in the system; and each may be transmitted from the sick to the healthy.
There are several ways in which a disease may be transmitted:
1. Its poison may be introduced directly by inoculation, as is daily done in the case of vaccination.
2. It may pass directly into the surrounding atmosphere from the persons of the sick, and be inhaled by those in their neighborhood, as constantly happens in small-pox, typhus fever, measles, and scarlet fever.
3. It may be conveyed indirectly, and to a distance, in articles of clothing, bed-linen, etc., and, passing from them, may be inhaled by those who wear or handle them, as often happens in the same diseases. Or it may be conveyed in food or water, and enter the system through the digestive organs, as frequently happens with the poison of typhoid fever.
When we wish to say that a disease is transmitted from person to person, without defining the mode of transmission, we say that it is communicable. The term is a general one, which includes every mode of transmission.
When we wish to say that a disease may be transmitted by inoculation, we say that it is inoculable.
When we wish to say that the poison may be conveyed in articles of clothing, in linen, in food, in water, etc., we say that these articles have been infected by the poison, and that the disease is infectious.
When we wish to say that a disease is produced by personal contact with one suffering from it, and that the danger of catching it increases with the closeness and intimacy of such contact, we call it contagious.
A contagious disease, therefore, is one in which the danger of contracting it increases as we approach, and diminishes as we recede from, a person suffering from it. It is contactuous.
Contagion may be defined as direct infection; and infection as indirect contagion. In both a poison passes from the sick to the healthy. It is the difference in the mode of conveyance of the poison that makes the difference between the two. The distinction is one of the utmost practical importance, and must be borne in mind in discussing the question of the contagiousness of any disease. An ailment may be
