of a block of stone to the pelvis of the same animal which lay hidden in it, it was not because either he, or anybody else, knew, or knows, why a certain form of jaw is, as a rule, constantly accompanied by the presence of marsupial bones—but simply because experience has shown that these two structures are co-ordinated.
The settlement of the nature of fossils led at once to the next advance of paleontology—viz., its application to the deciphering of the history of the earth. When it was admitted that fossils are remains of animals and plants, it followed that, in so far as they resemble terrestrial or fresh-water animals and plants, they are evidences of the existence of land or fresh water, and, in so far as they resemble marine organisms, they are evidences of the existence of the sea at the time at which they were parts of actually living animals and plants. Moreover, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it must be admitted that the terrestrial or the marine organisms implied the existence of land or sea at the place in which they were found while they were yet living. In fact, such conclusions were immediately drawn by everybody, from the time of Xenophanes downward, who believed that fossils were really organic remains. Steno discusses their value as evidence of repeated alteration of marine and terrestrial conditions upon the soil of Tuscany in a manner worthy of a modern geologist. The speculations of De Maillet in the beginning of the eighteenth century turn upon fossils, and Buffon follows him very closely in those two remarkable works, the "Théorie de la Terre" and the "Époques de la Nature," with which he commenced and ended his career as a naturalist.
The opening sentences of the "Époques de la Nature" show us how fully Buffon recognized the analogy of geological with archaeological inquiries. "As in civil history we consult deeds, seek for coins, or decipher antique inscriptions in order to determine the epochs of human revolutions and fix the date of moral events, so, in natural history, we must search the archives of the world, recover old monuments from the bowels of the earth, collect their fragmentary remains, and gather into one body of evidence all the signs of physical change which may enable us to look back upon the different ages of nature. It is our only means of fixing some points in the immensity of space, and of setting a certain number of way-marks along the eternal path of time."
Buffon enumerates five classes of these monuments of the past history of the earth, and they are all facts of paleontology. In the first place, he says, shells and other marine productions are found all over the surface and in the interior of the dry land; and all calcareous rocks are made up of their remains. Secondly, a great many of these shells which are found in Europe are not now to be met with in the adjacent seas; and, in the slates and other deep-seated deposits, there are remains of fishes and of plants of which no species now exist in
