are directed thence toward the sides, like the sides of an obtuse-angled triangle, in a straight line downward and outward. These two indentations are very characteristic of the pinched trait, and correspond with the lower border of the tense labial orbicular, 
Fig. 8.—Pinched Expression. drawn up in its middle (Fig. 8). This expression is, however, provoked not only by very intense corporeal but also by very intense intellectual efforts. The efforts, however, which we make in mental works—in scientific researches, for example—are rarely passionate enough in their nature to bring on a spasmodic pressure of the lips and teeth; but this takes place when we dispose ourselves for an intellectual combat, when one appeals to all the force of his will to defend himself against strange influences and guard his own convictions. The mouth closed firmly, with the lower lip raised, gives the expression of tenacity, stubbornness, obstinacy, and perseverance.
A person having his teeth and lips closely shut and the skin of his forehead contracted at the same time into vertical wrinkles, shows that he is angry, and firmly disposed to contend about the matter that is on his mind (Fig. 9). If his lips are pinched and
| Fig. 9.—Pinched Expression, with Vertical Wrinkles. | Fig. 10.—Pinched Expression, with Horizontal Wrinkles. |
his eyebrows lifted up, he is trying to maintain the impressions that have determined him to an obstinate persistence in his opinions and intentions (Fig. 10). In J. Schrader's picture, "Gregory VII in Exile at Salerno" (Fig. 11), the tenacity of the mouth, the anger expressed in the vertical wrinkles, and the tense attention in the horizontal ones, joined with a secretive look, give to the face of the character the expression of a dangerous man who is contemplating perfidy and vengeance. Another combination is
