Constitution of Wisconsin, but that it is illustrative of "the holiest motive of human affairs, . . . the sentiment of universal justice," and indicates the dawn of "the modern state."
A series of articles originally contributed to Science by Oscar Browning is republished in revised form by the Industrial Education Association, under the title Aspects of Education. In this a study is made of the theories of teaching that have influenced the world since the Reformation. These are resolved into three classes: humanism, or the study of language; realism, a study of things; and naturalism, training for the art of living. The author claims in favor of language study that weighing the shades of meaning in words cultivates a subtler tact than either mathematical reasoning or biological discrimination. The realistic method of teaching, although indebted to Comenius and Milton, received its greatest impetus from the examples of Pestalozzi and Froebel. "There is no fear that, in the present day, the learning of things instead of words will be neglected." It is observed that "natural education will always have advocates and apostles, especially in times when there appears to be a danger of over-refinement or over-pressure; but the wise educationalist will turn to it as a repository of cautions and warnings rather than as an armory of weapons fit for fighting against the ever-present enemies of ignorance and sloth." The pamphlet concludes with a historical sketch of the English public schools. Winchester, Eton, Harrow, and Rugby still adhere to the classical curriculum, so that "a public school man means one who has been educated mainly in Greek and Latin." The suggestion is made anent the boarding school system, that "an idea may grow up that the home is, after all, the best place for children."
Nos. 10 and 12 of Quiz Compends (Blakiston, $1 each), are at hand. The former is A Compend of Chemistry, inorganic and organic, including urinary analysis, by Henry Leffman, M. D., which has reached its third edition. It gives a cursory view of the field of general chemistry, dealing also with biological chemistry, and is intended to serve medical students partly or wholly in place of written lecture notes. As to changes from the preceding editions, the author says that he has endeavored to bring the work up to date, and has given more space to explanations of the nature and functions of acids and radicles. He has also treated the organic substitution compounds more at length.
No. 12 of this series has for its subject Equine Anatomy and Physiology. It is by William R. Ballou, M. D., and contains twenty-nine graphic illustrations selected from Chauveau's Comparative Anatomy. The facts and descriptions are given very concisely, and are arranged under heads and sub-heads, divisions of different ranks being distinguished by different type. In order that the eye may readily find any item of which the reader is in search, each subhead begins a new line.
From the same publishers we have received the third edition of The Essentials of Medical Chemistry and Urinalysis, by Sam E. Woody, M. D. (price, $1.25). It contains more matter than the usual volumes of lecture notes, and may be described as a brief treatise. Directions for a considerable number of experiments are inserted in the form of foot-notes, and processes and arrangements of apparatus, etc., are shown in sixty-two cuts. The chapter on urinalysis is quite full, and contains figures showing the appearance under the microscope of various solid matters, crystalline substances, etc.
Also from the Messrs. Blakiston comes a little volume in the same style as the last, but much briefer, on Electro-Chemical Analysis, by Prof. Edgar F. Smith (price, $1). It is designed to make students acquainted with the methods of quantitative analysis by electrolysis. The author describes the plan of the book as comprising "a brief introduction upon the behavior of the current toward the different acids and salts, a short description of the various sources of the electric energy; its control and measurement; after which follow a condensed history of the introduction of the current into chemical analysis, and sections relating to the determination and separation of metals, as well as the oxidations possible by means of the electric agent. . . . The methods of determination and separation given preference are not those of any one individual, but have been selected from all sources after an experience of many years, care being taken to present
