criminated by Professor Le Conte. The mechanical rupture of simple organisms is followed by budding on any part, that by budding on a special part, that by the formation of an internal organ, which in a still more advanced stage generates at once male and female cells; differentiated sexual elements are next produced by independent sexual organs, which are ultimately assigned to separate individuals. Asexuality passes through bisexuality into unisexuality.
If the analogy between the individual and the society is much more than an analogy; if it is an identity; if social processes are but a continuation and expansion of animal processes, every one of these transitions should find its counterpart in the genesis of colonies. Coloniology, however, is itself still in the pioneer stage and must be content with hinting at resemblances that future Le Contes will demonstrate. The fission of unicellular organisms is paralleled by the "natural fracture" of Greek and Phœnician urban states. Gemmation at any point finds its analogue in the way by which continental countries plant colonies, or colonies plant fresh colonies, in contiguous territory. Specialized gemmation may have its parallel in the limitation of emigration from maritime countries to certain ports. Internal gemmation may take place in societies when emigration is engineered from within, and the internal bud becomes a sexual organ when emigration agencies are formed. The dominating races—the last conquering immigrants—in any country are the male elements; the subjugated races are the female; emigrants at first are chiefly of the former, but the latter ultimately join the stream. Lastly, when England sends to the United States its enterprising and Germany its revolutionary citizens, while Celtic Ireland sends, doubtless with many of a different sort, its pick-and-shovel man and its serving woman, there is an approach to the marriage of nations. State union, indeed, for the purpose of propagation took place in very early times. Three Phœnician cities jointly founded a third, where, however, the three colonies led a semi-independent existence side by side. Many Greek colonies were established by two mother cities; but all of these were of the same stock, and their association rather resembled the conjugation of infusorians. Had Corinth (of the masculine Doric race) joined Ionian Miletus in colonizing Sicily, it would have been a true sexual union.
The acquisition of the secondary sexual attributes by peoples will, no doubt, be yet shown to follow a parallel course to their acquisition by the individual. The lowest races seem to be everywhere sexless. The Australians and Fuegians and Veddahs exhibit no masculine qualities; they are not conquering, inventive, progressive. Among the Red Indians we may observe the beginnings of differ-
