"a hollow rumbling noise almost like that of thunder." At Colares, near Lisbon, in 1755, during the great earthquake, the sound is said to have been "like that of chariots, which increased till it equaled that of the roar of cannon;" and at Lisbon, "a rattling as of coaches in the street, with a frightful noise underground resembling the rumbling of distant thunder." At Madeira the same earthquake was preceded "by rumbling noises in the air like that of empty carriages, which died away like a peal of distant thunder," On the 16th of September, 1849, there was an earthquake at Burra-Burra, in South Australia, where the noise is said to have resembled the rolling of heavy carriages. The shock was followed by a flash of lightning that illumined the whole atmosphere.
2. Another feature of these phenomena is the upheaval of the ground observed during the prevalence of most earthquakes, which is one cause of the sea retiring, another being the suction of the approaching wave when the centre of the convulsion has been removed from the shore. During the great earthquake at Lisbon the bar at the mouth of the Tagus was laid bare by the upheaval, and the master of a vessel, lying in that river at the time, stated that his large anchor was thrown up from the bottom, and seemed to swim on the surface of the water. Other results of the upward movement during this catastrophe were observed elsewhere. The water in a pond at Dunstal, in Suffolk, was jerked up into the form of a pyramid. At some places the water was tossed out of the wells. At Loch Lomond a large stone was forced out of the water. Rocks were raised into the air from the bottom of the Atlantic, and on board a vessel, about forty leagues from the island of St. Vincent in the West Indies, the anchors, which were lashed, bounced up, and the sailors thrown a foot and a half perpendicular from the deck, the ship sinking into the water immediately afterward as low as the main-chains. At Riobamba, in South America, on the 5th of January, 1797, the bodies of many of the inhabitants were thrown, by this vertical action, upon the hill of La Cullca, which is several hundred feet high, and on the opposite side of the river. During some of these convulsions in Italy, paving-stones have been tossed into the air and found with their lower sides uppermost; and, at the time of a late convulsion in South America, the rising of the ground caused the sea to retire, which returned like a wall in appearance, carrying before it inland vessels that had only a few minutes before been left dry, towns and people being overwhelmed by the resistless recoil.
3. Another peculiarity to be noticed in these convulsions is the frequent horizontal and circular motion of the soil. These effects are often very curious, and, in countries much subject to such catastrophes in their severest forms, have often given rise to lawsuits. Walls that had served to divide fields have been completely changed in direction, but without having been shattered or overthrown. Straight and par-
