bility, and the intellectual power developed, that I could wish that as a counterpart to Plato's motto should he placed over every college gateway, "Let none depart hence who knows not the calculus," at least as to what it deals with, and its fundamental principles.
I am glad to say that in some of our colleges are now given courses in what is termed "culture calculus." It seems to me that this subject is more deserving of the name of culture than the familiarity with the immoralities of the Greek gods.
Of the natural sciences there are two fundamental ones, physics and biology. Physics has to do with all the universe, in so far as it possesses energy, and exerts forces one part upon another, and in so far as it does not possess life. Biology deals with all matter possessing this difficultly defined attribute, but so far as we know, even the phenomena of living matter are subject to the laws of physics. I presume that every biologist will admit that life does not create energy, but merely directs it. Nevertheless, the question of vitality is to-day far beyond the explanation of the physicist. The subdivisions of physics have been, for convenience only, set off as individual sciences, chiefly because the whole subject would be too large for the treatment of any individual scientist. The most important part of physics is dynamics, which treats of the laws of motion, and the forces which are associated therewith. Of this a great division is celestial mechanics, which, as we have seen in the cases of Galileo and Newton, contributed in great part to the inductive establishment of the laws of motion in general. The remainder of astronomy is now catalogued as astrophysics and is dealt with by purely physical methods and instruments. As a subdivision of astronomy may be reckoned geodesy, which deals with the form of the earth, deduced from astronomical measurements and from its gravitational attraction.
Chemistry is that part of physics which deals with the properties of substances that have individual characteristics by which they may be always distinguished, and which combine with each other in definite proportions. Its methods are those of physics, its main instrument is the physical balance, and it is in recent years concentrating more attention upon those physical relations connected with temperature, pressure, and electrical relations, all of which are now found to yield to mathematical treatment in a manner until recently unsuspected.
The methods of physics and chemistry usually involve the controlling of certain of the circumstances under which phenomena occur, so that the changes in others may be more easily observed. This is usually done in a laboratory furnished with many means of controlling circumstances, for instance, temperature, pressure, electrical or magnetic state, so that the same circumstances may be reproduced again and again. Meteorology, or as it is now somewhat grandiloquently called, cosmical
