peculiarities which it transmits to the offspring. For the parent is made up of two distinct parts, its own body and the reproductive substance contained within that body, and the two may not be identical in character.
The reproductive substance has been called by Weismann the germ-plasm. He it was who first clearly recognized the fact that the germ-plasm is distinct from the body which contains it, and that the influences which modify the character of the one do not of necessity modify the character of the other. Thus he was able to show experimentally that mutilations of the body, as loss of the tail in mice, are not inherited, and to establish with a considerable degree of certainty the principle that characters acquired by the body as a result of use, disuse or other agencies are not inherited, because they have not affected the constitution of the germ-plasm carried within the body.
Weismann's two principles are of fundamental importance to a right understanding of heredity. They are: (1) That the germ-plasm is independent of the body containing it, or, as Weismann put it, that the germ-plasm is continuous from generation to generation, whereas the body dies, and (2) that acquired characters are not inherited.
The hottest biological discussions of the last twenty years have been waged over these two principles and the contest is by no means ended, but year by year the correctness of Weismann's contentions is more generally admitted.
Common experiences support both principles. Thus the independence or continuity of the germ-plasm has been shown from time prehistoric in the practise of castration upon the domesticated animals or upon man. The germ-plasm is localized in particular organs of the body, the reproductive glands. If these are removed reproduction becomes impossible, though all other functions of the individual persist. Further, it is possible to show experimentally that the germ-plasm
Fig. 1. A young black Guinea-pig, about three weeks old. The ovaries taken from an animal like this were transplanted into the albino shown in Fig. 2.
