shaped vortex is really composed of two funnel-shaped vortices, the lower one pointing upward and the upper one pointing downward, meeting half way between the two planes of reference. This vortex is really a more efficient lifting pump than the other one just described, and it is found that 16,452 cubic meters of air are moved upwards through each tube per second, so that the dumbbell-shaped vortex is carrying 6.7 times as much air upward as the funnel-shaped vortex. A careful examination of this dumbbell-shaped vortex at Cottage City shows that the lowest sections are not fully developed. The outward curvature of the tube is plainly shown on the picture, but at sea level it is cut off or truncated by the friction of the tube against the water of the ocean. The cutting off of these vortices at some section above their theoretical lowest plane seems to play an important part in practical meteorology.
On May 27, 1896, a violent tornado of large dimensions passed over the city of St. Louis, causing great destruction in Lafayette Park and thence to the bridge over the Mississippi River. The enormous power of the forces which accompanied this vortex is shown on many pictures which were secured at that time. Large trees were twisted off
and stripped of their branches; buildings were overturned and destroyed in every conceivable way; heavy iron girders and stone work of the bridge were destroyed; and in short almost limitless powers seem to have been at the disposal of this great vortex. Fig. 3 shows a section of this vortex, the relative distance apart of the tubes, and the part which has been cut off or truncated at about one third of the distance from its lower plane of reference, several hundred meters below the surface of the ground. It has been shown that this St. Louis tornado was about 47 times as efficient as the large Cottage City waterspout in its lifting power, and that at the surface of the ground it developed somewhere between 150 and 250 meters per second; that is, 340 to 560 miles per hour. While it is not probable that these enormous theoret-
