the country, and the individual who was responsible would deserve to be ranked among the greatest benefactors of the commonwealth.
This illustration serves to show something of the extent of the benefits that may be confidently expected from the improvement of cultivated plants; but the full extent of our rightful expectations is at least ten per cent, increase in both quality and quantity of all the great crops of the United States. In fact this is a very conservative forecast based upon what has been accomplished in the past. Men like Haynes with his "Blue stem" wheat and J. S. Learning with his "Learning" corn have perhaps made an even greater percentage increase in the value of the returns from the land upon which their productions have been grown. Their results were obtained largely in the latter half of the last century and even greater advances should be made in the future. This statement is made because, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, experimental biology was in the same relative position in which chemistry stood in its beginning. During the century chemistry made wonderful advances; during this—the twentieth—century experimental biology will make similar progress. And one of the first and most important applications of the facts discovered will be to guide and direct man in producing new plants and animals by more direct and certain methods.
When one speaks of producing new plants, however, he should not be misunderstood. Man has not yet actually produced new variations (although the time may come when even this is possible); he simply works with the variations which have occurred through natural causes of which little is known. The isolation of a varying plant and from it the production of a variety, or the combination of desirable characters from one strain with other desirable characters from different strains, comprises the total aim and desire of the plant breeder. The idea is simple; to put the idea into practise successfully is often a tedious and difficult task.
As in hybridization the ease with which results can be obtained by selection depends largely upon flower structure. In selection, however, the relative facility with which artificial cross-pollination can be accomplished is of small importance. What one wishes to know is whether cross-pollination or self-pollination takes place naturally. Practically all plants are occasionally cross-fertilized naturally, and many of them have devices whereby they are nearly always crossed; but we are coming to see that cross-fertilization is not as essential to plant life as Darwin endeavored to prove in his "Cross- and Self-fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom." Wheat, for example, is almost always self-fertilized; yet it has kept its vigor for thousands of years. The importance of this fact to the selectionist is easily seen. If seed from several varieties of wheat is mixed and planted, each variety remains
