flannel, the electricity of the body is negative; if it repel, or is repelled by, glass, rubbed with silk, its electricity is positive. Du Fay had the sagacity to propose this mode of testing quality.
Apply this test to the strips of foolscap paper excited by the India-rubber. Bring a rubbed gutta-percha tube near the electrified strips, you have strong attraction. Bring a rubbed glass tube between the strips, you have strong repulsion and augmented divergence. Hence, the electricity, being repelled by the positive glass, is itself positive.
Sec. 11. Double or "Polar" Character of the Electric Force.—We have examined the action of each kind of electricity upon itself, and upon the other kind; but hitherto we have kept the rubber out of view. One of the questions which inevitably occur to the inquiring scientific mind would be, How is the rubber affected by the act of friction? Here, as elsewhere, you must examine the subject for yourself, and base your conclusions on the facts you establish.
Test your rubber, then, by your balanced lath. The lath is attracted by the flannel, which has rubbed against gutta-percha; and it is attracted by the silk, which has rubbed against glass.
Regarding the quality of the electricity of the flannel or of the silk, the attraction of the lath teaches you nothing. But, suspend your rubbed glass tube, and bring the flannel rubber near it: repulsion follows. The silk rubber, on the contrary, attracts the glass tube. Suspend your rubbed gutta-percha tube, and bring the silk rubber near it: repulsion follows. The flannel, on the contrary, attracts the tube.
The conclusion is obvious: the electricity of the flannel is positive, that of the silk is negative.
But the flannel is the rubber of the gutta-percha, whose electricity is negative; and the silk is the rubber of the glass, whose electricity is positive. Consequently, we have not only proved the rubber to be electrified by the friction, but also proved the electricity of the rubber to be opposite in quality to that of the body rubbed.
Sec. 12. What is Electricity?—Thus far we have proceeded from fact to fact, acquiring knowledge of a very valuable kind. But facts alone cannot satisfy us. We seek a knowledge of the principles which lie behind the facts, and which are to be discerned by the mind alone. Thus, having spoken, as we have done, of electricity passing hither and thither, and of its being prevented from passing, hardly any thoughtful boy or girl can avoid asking, What is it that thus passes?—what is electricity? Boyle and Newton betrayed their need of an answer to this question when the one imagined his unctuous threads issuing from and returning to the electrified body, and when the other imagined that an elastic fluid existed which penetrated his rubbed glass.
When I say "imagined" I do not intend to represent the notions
