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INTRODUCTION.
IX
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- im,
- a tone; the tone of a word.
- chiàⁿ-im,
- the book or mandarin tone.
- thóu-im; pe̍h-im,
- the local tone.
- pńg-im,
- its own proper tone which a word has when spoken alone.
- pièn-im; liên-im,
- the changed tone which a word has when in combination. Thus, in the Chinese word for wickedness, ok is the book pronunciation, ak is the thóu-im, or the local pronunciation. Ak (upper entering) is it own proper tone. Ak (lower entering) is the changed tone used in combination. e.g. ak-nâng, a bad man.
- gṳ́; im-gṳ́,
- brogue; localisms in pronunciations or words.
- i ũ lân-ló gṳ́,
- he has somewhat of a brogue.
- Tiê-iêⁿ-gṳ́,
- Tie-ie pronunciation.
- phîⁿ-im,
- nasal tone, as in piⁿ, tiⁿ, suaⁿ.
- u-im; hoh-im,
- aspirated tone, as in thân, thi, chhi. There are some other distinctions in tone, a knowledge of which is not essential, but which are mentioned because they may be useful to the pupil in trying the better to understand his teacher.
- tûn-im,
- labials, as in, bô, pí, pá.
- khí-im,
- dentals, as in, si, chí, hí.
- kauh-chi̍h-im,
- linguals made by bending the tongue, as in lo, la, lu.