Page:Public Opinion (Lippmann).djvu/191

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maturities, and the manifest personality.[1] They permit us to suppose, though I have not seen the notion formulated, that the repression or control of cravings is fixed not in relation to the whole person all the time, but more or less in respect to his various selves. There are things he will not do as a patriot that he will do when he is not thinking of himself as a patriot. No doubt there are impulses, more or less incipient in childhood, that are never exercised again in the whole of a man's life, except as they enter obscurely and indirectly into combination with other impulses. But even that is not certain, since repression is not irretrievable. For just as psychoanalysis can bring to the surface a buried impulse, so can social situations.[2] It is only when our surroundings remain normal and placid, when what is expected of us by those we meet is consistent, that we live without knowledge of many of our dispositions. When the unexpected occurs, we learn much about ourselves that we did not know.

The selves, which we construct with the help of all who influence us, prescribe which impulses, how em-

  1. Formulated by Kempf, Psychopathology, p. 74, as follows:
    Manifest wishes opposed by the resistance of the environment = Behavior
    over
    Later Repressed Wishes
    over
    Adolescent Repressed Wishes
    over
    Preadolescent Repressed Wishes
  2. Cf. the very interesting book of Everett Dean Martin, The Behavior of Crowds.

    Also Hobbes, Leviathan, Part II, Ch. 25. "For the passions of men, which asunder are moderate, as the heat of one brand, in an assembly are like many brands, that inflame one another, especially when they blow one another with orations, . . ."

    LeBon, The Crowd, elaborates this observation of Hobbes's.