424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [June 23,
On walking from Ulverstone to Beckside village (Kirkby Ireleth
district), over the intervening hilly region, the pinel may be traced
almost continuously. On ascending the hill the gutter in the road-side
reveals about the hardest and most typical pinel I have yet
seen. Its colour is almost invariably yellowish brown. Valleys
have been filled up with it to a certain height; and brooks have excavated
their channels in it. Beyond a house called Harlock, and
along the east and north side of a round hill called Longslack, it runs
continuously, and presents all the most typical characteristics of the
formation, including large striated boulders. In most places it seems
to have been covered to a slight depth with loose angular detritus.
The pinel covers the greater part of the watershed of the flat shallow
pass between the Longslack and Crag-Height eminences, where
it reaches an altitude of about 800 feet above the sea. It may be
traced running down the western side of the pass, where it has not
been covered with Upper Boulder-clay. It may possibly run under
the estuary of the Duddon so as to form a more or less continuous
deposit with the pinel on the other or Cumberland side of the river.
The accumulation of the pinel mantling round Longslack, and probably
many of the neighbouring hills, might at first sight suggest
the idea of a great flow of land-ice ignoring hill and valley; and yet
there would appear to be some difficulty in supposing land-ice capable
of leaving a continuous spread of pinel clinging to the convex side
of a hill and covering a wide shallow pass, as in the locality under
consideration.
h. Upper Boulder-clay.—Where the ground begins to decline on the western side of the above pass, the pinel gradually dips beneath a rubbly clay. Lower down, on the Soutergate-road-side, at a height of about 700 feet above the sea, the line of demarcation between the pinel and this clay is very distinctly marked. Still lower down this clay presents features which can leave no doubt that it is of Upper-Boulder age. The channel excavated in it by the Cross beck reveals a thickness of at least 100 feet. In several places it may be seen resting on the denuded edges of slate rocks. It contains many smoothed, polished, and striated boulders. At a lower level, on the road-side, pinel occasionally makes its appearance underneath this upper drift. The pinel is hard and of a yellowish-brown colour*; the upper drift loose and of a reddish colour. At a still lower level a small boulder of granite, a sign, I believe, of Upper Boulder-clay in this district (see sequel), made its appearance; and all along there were many boulders of porphyry and other rocks, which must have been floated across the valley intervening between this hill-side and the green slate and porphyry mountains. On many of the boulders the striae were bent across each other in a remarkable manner. At a small quarry above Gargreave, and about 250 feet above the sea, I saw the edges of compact slate rocks planed down and slightly grooved, the direction of the glaciation being 10° W. of N., or ob-
- On the other side of the depression traversed by the Cross beck, as may be
seen on the Beckside road, the upper drift has in most places thinned out, the pinel coming to the surface.
