constituted the X rays, which are known to have their origin at the surface on which the cathode rays impinge. The mathematical theory has been worked out by J. J. Thomson[1]. If the motion of an electron is suddenly arrested, a thin spherical pulse in which the magnetic and electric forces are very intense travels out from the point of impact with the velocity of light. The more suddenly the electron is stopped, the thinner and more intense is the pulse. On this view the X rays are not corpuscular like the cathode rays, which produce them, but consist of transverse disturbances in the ether, akin in some respects to light waves of short wave-length. The rays are thus made up of a number of pulses, which are non-*periodic in character, and which follow one another at irregular intervals.
On this theory of the nature of the X rays, the absence of direct deflection, refraction, or polarization is to be expected, if the thickness of the pulse is small compared with the diameter of an atom. It also explains the non-deflection of the path of the rays by a magnetic or electric field. The intensity of the electric and magnetic force in the pulse is so great that it is able to cause a removal of an electron from some of the atoms of the gas, over which the pulse passes, and thus causes the ionization observed.
The cathode rays produce X rays, and these in turn give rise to a secondary radiation whenever they impinge on a solid body. This secondary radiation is emitted equally in all directions, and consists partly of a radiation of the X ray type and also of electrons projected with considerable velocity. This secondary radiation gives rise to a tertiary radiation and so on.
Barkla[2] has shown that the secondary radiation emitted from a gas through which the rays pass consists in part of scattered X rays of about the same penetrating power as the primary rays as well as some easily absorbed rays.
Part of the cathode rays is diffusely reflected on striking the cathode. These scattered rays consist in part of electrons of the same speed as in the primary beam, but also include some others of much less velocity. The amount of diffuse reflection depends upon the nature of the cathode and the angle of incidence of the rays.
