set free in a vacuum tube. In consequence of their small velocity, these probably produce a large proportion of the ionization due to the β rays at short distances from the radium, for it will be shown (section 103) that the ionization produced by an electron per unit length of path steadily decreases with increase of its velocity above a small limiting value. This observation is confirmed by experiments on the absorption of the β rays in passing through matter.
In Paschen's experiments, the glass tube containing the radium was ·5 mms. thick, so that a considerable proportion of the low velocity β particles must have been stopped by it. This is borne out by some later experiments of Seitz which will be described in section 85.
84. Absorption of the β rays by matter. The β particles
produce ions in their passage through the gas and their energy
of motion is consequently diminished. A similar action takes
place also when the β rays pass through solid and liquid media,
and the mechanism of absorption is probably similar in all cases.
Some of the particles in their passage through matter are completely
stopped, while others have their velocity reduced. In
addition, there is a considerable scattering or diffuse reflection of
the rays in traversing matter. The amount of this scattering
depends upon the density of the substance and also upon the
angle of incidence of the rays. This scattering of the rays will be
discussed later in section 111.
There are two general methods of determining the absorption of the β rays. In the first method, the variation of the ionization current is observed in a testing vessel when the active matter is covered by screens differing in material and thickness. This ionization in the vessel depends upon two quantities, viz. the number of β particles which pass through the matter and also upon the number of ions produced by them per unit path. In the absence of any definite information in regard to the variation of ionization by the electron with its velocity, no very definite conclusions can be drawn from such experiments.
The advent of pure radium-bromide has made it possible to determine the actual number of electrons which are absorbed in their passage through a definite thickness of matter, by measuring
