β ray activity due to radium E was thus about 9 per cent. of that due to radium C. Disregarding the differences in the absorption of the β rays, when the activity of the product E in radium reaches a maximum value, the β ray activity due to it should be the same as that due to C. Since the parent product D is half transformed in forty years, the amount present in the radium after four years should be about 7 per cent. of the maximum amount; i.e. it should show a β ray activity of about 7 per cent. of that due to radium C. The observed and calculated values (7 and 9 per cent. respectively) are thus of the same order of magnitude. The amount of β rays from radium E present in pure radium bromide about one year old was about 2 per cent. of the total.
The amount of radium F present in old radium was measured by observations of the activity imparted to a bismuth disk left for several days in the solution, and was found to be of the same order as the theoretical value. Radium F is not deposited to an appreciable extent on the bismuth from a water solution of radium bromide. If, however, a trace of sulphuric acid is added to the solution, the radium F is readily deposited on the bismuth. The addition of sulphuric acid to the radium solution practically effected a separation of radium D, E and F from the radium proper; for the latter was precipitated as sulphate and the products D, E and F remained in solution. After filtering, the solution contained the greater proportion of the products D, E, and F and very little radium.
238. Variation of the activity of radium with time.
It has been shown that the activity of freshly prepared radium
increases at first with the time and practically reaches a maximum
value after an interval of about one month. The results already
considered show that there is a still further slow increase of
activity with the time. This is the case whether the activity is
measured by the α or β rays. It will be shown later that radium
is probably half transformed in about 1000 years. From this it
can readily be calculated that after a lapse of about 200 years the
amount of the products radium D, E and F will have reached a
maximum value. The same number of atoms of each of the
products C and E will then break up per second. If each atom
of these products in disintegrating throws off an equal number
