rays are probably similar in character to the β rays from the radio-elements.
274. The excited activity produced on the negatively charged
wire cannot be due to an action of the strong electric field on the
surface of the wire; for very little excited activity is produced if
the wire is charged to the same potential inside a closed cylinder.
We have seen that the excited activity produced on the wire can be partially removed by rubbing and by solution in acids, and, in this respect, it is similar to the excited activity produced in bodies by the emanations of radium and thorium. The very close similarity of the excited activity obtained from the atmosphere to that obtained from the radium and thorium emanations suggests the probability that a radio-active emanation exists in the atmosphere. This view is confirmed by a large amount of indirect evidence discussed in sections 276, 277 and 280.
Assuming the presence of a radio-active emanation in the atmosphere, the radio-active effects observed receive a simple explanation. The emanation in the air gradually breaks up, giving rise in some way to positively charged radio-active carriers. These are driven to the negative electrode in the electric field, and there undergo a further change, giving rise to the radiations observed at the surface of the wire. The matter which causes excited activity will thus be analogous to the active deposit of radium and thorium.
Since the earth is negatively electrified with regard to the upper atmosphere, these positive radio-active carriers produced in the air are continuously deposited on the surface of the earth. Everything on the surface of the earth, including the external surface of buildings, the grass, and leaves of trees, must be covered with an invisible deposit of radio-active material. A hill, or mountain peak, or any high mass of rock or land, concentrates the earth's electric field at that point and consequently will receive more excited radio-activity per unit area than the plain. Elster and Geitel have pointed out that the greater ionization of the air observed in the neighbourhood of projecting peaks receives a satisfactory explanation on this view.
If the radio-active carriers are produced at a uniform rate in
