51. Canal rays. If a discharge is passed through a vacuum tube provided with a perforated cathode, within certain limits of pressure, luminous streams are observed to pass through the holes and to emerge on the side of the cathode remote from the anode. These rays were first observed by Goldstein[1] and were called by him the "Canal-strahlen." These rays travel in straight lines and produce phosphorescence in various substances.
Wien[2] showed that the canal rays were deflected by strong magnetic and electric fields, but the amount of deflection was very small compared with that of the cathode rays under similar conditions. The deflection was found to be opposite in direction to the cathode rays, and this indicates that the canal rays consist of positive ions. Wien determined their velocity and the ratio e/m, by measuring the amount of their magnetic and electric deflection. The value of e/m was found to be variable, depending upon the gas in the tube, but the maximum value observed was 10^4. This shows that the positive ion, in no case, has a mass less than that of the hydrogen atom. It seems probable that the canal rays consist of positive ions, derived either from the gas or the electrodes, which travel towards the cathode, and have sufficient velocity to pass through the holes of the cathode and to appear in the gas beyond.
It is remarkable that, so far, no case has been observed where the carrier of a positive charge has an apparent mass less than that of the hydrogen atom. Positive electricity always appears to be associated with bodies atomic in size. We have seen that the process of ionization in gases is supposed to consist of the expulsion of an electron from the atom. The corresponding positive charge remains behind on the atom and travels with it. This difference between positive and negative electricity appears to be fundamental, and no explanation of it has, as yet, been forthcoming.
52. Radiation of energy. If an electron moves uniformly
in a straight line with constant velocity, the magnetic field, which
