321. § 320-321. especially b.) and c.) and 762, cp. also the rule of P. 6, 1, 195. The old language, especially the dialect of the Mahâbhârata, affords many instances of passive forms with the endings of the parasmai. padam, even with passive meaning. See f. i. Mhbh. 1, 24, 15; 38, 13; 51, 9; 102, 23; Nala 20, 31 etc. ¹). CHAPT. III. Tenses and moods. 241 - The Sanskrit finite verb comprises the following tenses and moods: 1. the present (2), 2. the imperfect (s), 3. the perfect (2), 4. the aorist (3), 5. and 6. the future in () and the periphrastic future (N2), 7. the imperative (ile), 8. the potential or optative (13), 9. the precative (A), 10. the conditional (3). To them we must add for the archaic dialect the con- junctive (2), for the classic language the participles in and, as far as they dó duty for finite √ verbs. Of these, 1-6 and the said participles constitute that, which we are wont to call the indicative mood;" the other moods are represented by 7-10 and by the AT. Vernacular grammar makes no distinction between tenses and moods, which is, indeed, less developed in Sanskrit, than it is in Latin and Greek. 2) 1 1) P. 3, 1,90 mentions two roots, which are verhs of the 4th class parasmaipada, when being used as intransitive-reflexives, whereas they are otherwise conjugated, when transitives. But Pânini expressly sta- tes that the eastern grammarians teach 30, the passive of them may, therefore, be also employed,f.i. f or ha (the foot strikes), saff or an ad (the garment is dying). Utt. V, p. 102 araña a. 2) In Panini's grammar the 10 or 11 tenses and moods form one category, 16
